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AP微观经济学重点(一)
除了和宏观经济学有overlapping part (opportunity cost, ppc, supply and demand) 外,微观经济学的复习要点如下:
1. price control
price ceiling is below the market price, cause shortage; price floor is above the market price, cause surpluse.
2. price elasticity
用中点法计算价格弹性
percentage change in Quantity = (Q2 - Q1)/[(Q1+Q2)/2]
percentage change in Price = (P2-P1)/[(P1+P2)/2]
Elasticity = percentage change in Quantity/percentage change in Price
E> 1 (elastice) , Price increase, total revenue decrease; price decrease, total revenue increase
E< 1 (inelastic), price increase, total revenue increase; decrease, total revenue decrease
E = 1 (unit elastice) total revenue constant
E = 0 (perfectly inelastic), vertical line
E -> infinite (perfectly elastic), horizontal line
price elasticity of demand 是个负数,因为价格上升,需求量减少。但我们只关心绝对值。
income elasticty of demand: normal good, 正数, 因为收入增加, 对普通商品的需求量增加; 对低档商品是个负数,因为收入增加,对低档商品的需求量减少
cross price elasticity of demand: 如果两个商品是替代品的关系,那么是个正值; 如果两个商品是互补品的关系,那么是个负值
3. consumer and producer surplus
consumer surpluse 是求那个直角三角形的面积(不要忘记三角形面积是底乘以高除以2)底是X轴上表示的quantity of output, 高是(price consumer is willing to pay - price consumer acutally have to pay)
producer surplus 同样是求一个直角三角形的面积: 底是X轴上表示的quantity of output, 高是(price producer actually gets - price producer is willing to take)
如果加了税,导致quantity of output 减少,price consumer actually have to pay 增加,price producer actually gets 减少, 所以total surplus 减少,并产生deadweight loss. 记住:deadweight loss 实际上就是因为加税导致的交易量的减少量夹在supply and demand中间的那个小三角形。如果是因为其他原因导致X轴上quantity 减少,计算deadwight loss 这个方法同样适用。
政府增加税收,导致inefficient allocation; 如果需求弹性较大(买方较灵活),那么卖方将承担更大的税收负担;如果供给弹性较大(卖方较灵活),那么买方将承担更大的税收负担
以上就是新东方在线AP频道为你带来的AP微观经济学重点(一),更多精彩敬请关注新东方在线AP频道。