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耶鲁大学新生开学校长彼得·沙洛维演讲：对失实表述说不

2016-09-06 10:12:00来源：网络

　　8月27日，耶鲁大学迎来了新一届学生，校长彼得·沙洛维以对失实表述说不”为演讲主题，表达了对耶鲁学生的希冀。演讲中，校长既没有提起耶鲁学生的“钱”途问题，也没有谈论什么高大上的话题，而是细而又细地强调了在耶鲁接受教育的一个重要内容：

　　学习如何辨别和应对“失实表述”。在他看来，成为一个更加审慎的批判性思考者，才能提高而不是削弱洞察力。

　　以下为彼得·沙洛维演讲全文

　　Countering False Narratives

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　　耶鲁现任校长彼得·沙洛维

　　各位同事、各位家长，尤其是2020届的本科新生们，早上好！欢迎你们参加今天的活动。

　　Good morning and welcome: to my colleagues here on stage, to the family members who have joined us today, and—especially—to the Yale College Class of 2020.

　　2020这个数字总会让人浮想联翩。如今它已成为你们在耶鲁的班级代号，我相信无论是你们的直觉、思维敏锐性，还是意志力，都会在这里得到提升。招办的工作人员向我保证，你们是经过层层筛选以后胜出的佼佼者。

　　Twenty-twenty—a term that inevitably brings to mind perfect eyesight. And now that all of you are wearing 2020 as your class label in Yale College, I am confident your intuition and your mental acuity will develop here to an equivalent level of strength. The admissions office assures me that everything possible has been done to guarantee this outcome.

　　2020届新生来自全美50个州，留学生则来自全球50个国家和地区

　　尽管如此，我还是想在开学第一天这个特殊的日子里，好好思考一下你们在耶鲁就读期间，什么可能削弱你们的洞察力，什么又有可能让它得到提升。

　　Nonetheless, I’d like to reflect—on your “first day of school”—about what might impede your insight and what might advance it in the course of your education here.

　　多年来，我为很多新生上过“心理学入门”。每次讲到与社会心理学相关的内容时，我总会问学生，他们是怎么看待在不同社会情境中帮助别人这个问题的。同样是在紧急情况下，为什么有时我们会出手相助，有时却又袖手旁观？

　　For many years, I taught introductory psychology to large numbers of freshmen. In the part of the course devoted to social psychology, I would ask my students to consider what we know about helping others in various kinds of social situations. Specifically, why is it that we offer assistance, or fail to offer assistance, in emergencies?

　　我想从一个大家都知道的悲剧——Kitty Genovese 事件说起。1964 年，29 岁的 Kitty 在位于纽约皇后区 Kew Garden 的家中被害，这一案件引起了广泛关注和热议，也许你也听说过关于此事的好几个版本。据《纽约时报》报道，有 38 个人从自家窗户看到了行凶过程，但只有一人报警，且报警时为时已晚。

　　I would begin with the tragic and well known case of Kitty Genovese, a twenty-nine-year-old woman who lived in Kew Gardens, Queens, and was murdered there in 1964. Her case received enormous attention and commentary, and you have probably heard some version of her story. As reported in the New York Times, thirty-eight individuals watched the murder from their apartment windows, but only one called the police, and by then it was too late.

　　这些年来，我多次描述这一令人震惊的案件，其他讲授类似课程的社会心理学家们也是如此，还有一些社会学家试图据此分析为什么目击者们会如此冷漠无情，竟然能眼睁睁地看着这样的犯罪行为发生，却无动于衷。

　　Over the years, I have described this shocking incident many times. So have other social psychologists teaching similar courses, and so did the social scientists who sought to explain how witnesses could exhibit such callous indifference to a horrific crime taking place before their eyes.

　　问题在于：标准版 Kitty Genovese 案件描述在某些关键细节上出了错。

　　Here’s the trouble: the standard account of the Kitty Genovese case is wrong in some of its crucial details.

　　Kitty 的弟弟 Bill Genovese，去年制作了一部名为《目击者》（The Witness）的纪录片。根据他在这部电影中所展示的实拍场景，并非所有旁观者都冷漠无情：一个目击者在窗口大声呵斥凶手，另一个目击者在 Kitty 离世时将其抱在怀中，也有其他目击者在此期间报了警。

　　Kitty’s brother, Bill Genovese, produced a film last year called The Witness. In it, he documents that some bystanders were not indifferent: one witness shouted out the window at the attacker, another witness held Kitty in her arms as she died, and several called the police during the attack.

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