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供需关系和弹性
市场均衡 Market equilibrium
Supply and demand 供给和需求
1. Market equilibrium 市场均衡(先Q后P)
Equilibriumquantity 由 Qs 和Qd决定:Qs=Qd
D的变动才会引起P的变动
2. Determinants ofsupply and demand 供给和需求的影响因素
影响需求 影响供给
Taste | Tax /SubsidyCost of input |
Income | Technology |
Price of substitute good Price of complement good | Tax |
Expectation of price | |
cost of inputs technology and productivity Subsidy/tax |
Expectation of price | Price of other goods |
切记:Price变动导致沿着曲线的移动,而不是曲线本身的移动;上表里的因素都是导致曲线本身移动的。
S,D同向移动:左(Q减少,P不定);右(Q增加,P不定)
S,D反向移动:内(P增加,Q不定);外(P减少,Q不定)
Elasticity弹性
Price elasticity of demand
Ed =(% change in quantity demanded of good X) / (% change in the price of good X)
2. Price elasticity of supply
Es = (% change in quantitysupplied of good X) / (% change in the price of good X)
一定要分清问的是关于supply还是demand
需求和供给价格弹性算绝对值,不关心正负号;弹性为无穷时,叫PerfectlyElastic完全弹性,弹性大于1时,叫Relatively Elastic,弹性等于1时,叫Unit elastic,弹性小于1时,叫relatively inelastic,弹性等于0时,perfectly inelastic完全刚性。
应用:弹性为elastic时,P降低,TotalRevenue会增加,因为Q增加的程度大于P降低的程度;为inelastic时,P降低,TotalRevenue会减少,因为Q增加的程度小于P降低的程度。
影响价格弹性的因素:奢侈品的弹性大于1,必需品的弹性小于1;时间长弹性大于1;替代品多弹性大于1;占收入比重大弹性大于1。
3. Income elasticity of demand
EI =(%change in quantity demanded of good X)/(%change in income)
需求收入弹性正号表示物品是normal goods,负号表示inferior goods
4. Cross-price elasticity of demand
Ex,y=(%changein quantity demand of good X)/(%change in price good Y)
交叉需求弹性正号表示A和B为substitution,负号表示A和B为complementary。
政府对价格的控制
Priceceiling: Creates shortage
2. Price floor:最低工资是经典例子Creates surplus increasedeadweight loss
Welfare Analysis=consumer surplus+ producer surplus
The market is efficient only when MB=MC, or total welfareis maximized.
3. Tax incidence and deadweight loss税收负担和无谓损失
向谁收税?
The change of MC&ATC | The change of MC&ATC | ||
Per-unit subsidy | MC decrease ATC decrease | Per-unit tax | MC increase ATC increase |
Lump-sum subsidy | ATC decrease Total cost decease | Lump-sum tax | ATC increase Total cost increase |
Per-unit subsidy/tax Tax or subsidy会造成deadweight loss
在画deadweight loss的时候,尖点永远是optimal point
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