『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 69 Lec1听力练习：What conditions are needed for hydrothermal vents to form? Click on 2 answers.原文题目答案解析，TPO/Official 69 Lec1听力原文范文音频翻译。

托福TPO/Official 69 Lec1听力原文What conditions are needed for hydrothermal vents to form? Click on 2 answers.【新东方在线】

旁白：听一段地质学课的讲座。

Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.

我们谈过构成地壳的板块及其运动，以及在某些地方它们是如何分开的。

Professor: So we've talked about the plates that form the earth's crust and their movements and how in some places they're separating.

现在，当这种情况发生在海洋中，沿着中洋脊时，会发生一些重要的事情。

Now, when this happens in the ocean, along the mid ocean ridge, some important things can happen.

特别是，你可以形成一个热液喷口。

In particular, you can get a hydrothermal vent.

这很像间歇泉，只不过是在海底。

This is a lot like a geyser, except it's on the ocean floor.

间歇泉是一种来自地下温泉的喷发。

A geyser is a kind of eruption from an underground hot spring.

在地球内部加热的水在压力下，可以喷发出来，通过地壳的裂缝将水和蒸汽喷射向上。

The water that's been heated up in the earth's interior when under pressure, uh can erupt, sending that water and steam shooting upwards, through a crack in the earth.

热液喷口本质上是一样的，但水是通过海底的裂缝或断层喷出的。

A hydrothermal vent is essentially the same thing, but the water is emitted out of cracks or fractures in the ocean floor.

如果你听说过热液喷口，那可能是因为它们周围的奇特生物。

If you've heard about hydrothermal vents at all, it's probably because of the exotic life forms around them.

管虫、巨蛤蜊，这类生物不依赖太阳能，而是依赖化学能。

Tube worms, giant clams, that kind of thing forms that don't depend on energy from the sun but depend on chemical energy.

但这些事件对我们来说也具有巨大的意义。

But the events are also of enormous significance for us.

因为海洋的化学成分受到它们的影响。

Because the chemistry of the oceans is affected by them.

让我们更仔细地看看这个过程。

Let's look at the process a little more closely.

所以，你可能会有一个区域里有十几个。

So, you might have an area with a dozen of them.

但你需要两样东西才能得到其中一个领域。

But you need two things to get one of these fields.

And you've got to have fissures in the ocean floor.

在喷口区，你会发现海底有裂缝，海底有冷水。

So in a vent field, you've got cracks in the ocean floor and cold water at the bottom of the ocean.

我们说的是大约2℃，水下去之后。

We're talking maybe 2 ℃, goes down into them.

因为在这些地区，海底下只有几公里深的岩浆 chambers。

Because in these fields, there are magma chambers only a few kilometers below the ocean floor.

这种热熔岩将其上方的固体岩石加热到高达500℃。

This hot molten rock heats the solid rock above it to as high as 500 ℃.

然后，这块加热的固体岩石再加热流过它的海水。

And this heated solid rock then heats the ocean water that flows over it.

现在，请记住，深海的高压使水在如此高温下仍能保持液态，因此水在加热时可以达到300或400摄氏度的温度。

Now, remember, the high pressure of the deep sea allows water to stay liquid at such a high temperature, so it can reach temperatures of 3 or 400 ℃.

它通过其他裂缝上升，并像陆地上的间歇泉一样喷射回海洋。

As the water is heated, it rises up through other cracks and, it shoots up back into the ocean, much like with geysers on land.

现在重要的是水在涌出时携带了什么。

Now the important part is what the water is carrying with it as it emerges.

加热的水从固体岩石中提取矿物质，因此水中溶解了金属，如铁和铜。

The heated water draws minerals from solid rock, so you've got dissolved metals in the water, like iron and copper.

当水喷射上升并重新进入寒冷的海洋时，它迅速冷却，这些矿物质从释放中沉淀出来。

When the water shoots up and reenters the cold ocean, it quickly cools, and these minerals precipitate out of their released.

它们被沉积到海水中，影响了海水的成分。

They're deposited into the ocean water, which affects its composition.

这些事件有一股看起来像烟的烟雾。

These events have a plume that looks like smoke.

像是从地球内部喷发出来的烟雾。

Like smoke that's coming up out of the event in the earth.

记住，从通风口喷出的水有些超过300℃。

Remember, as some of the water coming out of the vents, is over 300 ℃.

当水温达到如此高温时，它会溶解岩石中的硫、铁和其他金属并与之反应。

When it's this hot, it dissolves sulfur, iron, and other metals in the rocks and interacts with.

当这些矿物沉淀出来时，水就会形成黑色的烟雾。

When these minerals precipitate out, the water forms a black plume.

是硫和金属从水中沉淀出来，这就是造成黑色的原因。

It's the sulfur and metals precipitating out of the water that that's what causes the black color.

These emit what looks like a white smoke.

这是因为它们的水相对较凉，大约在100到300度之间。

That's because their water is relatively cool about 100 to 300 °.

仍然相当温暖，但还不够热以溶解硫或铁。

Still pretty warm, but not warm enough to dissolve sulfur or iron.

相反，它们从岩石中提取不同的矿物质，比如二氧化硅。

Instead, they draw off different minerals from rocks, the things like silica.

当这些矿物质沉淀出来时，它们会释放出不同的颜色，一种白色的颜色。

They give off a different color, a whitish color when those minerals precipitate out.

但在黑烟和白烟喷口中，当水在喷流中释放时，沉淀出来的矿物质最终会在事件周围积累，形成大型塔状结构或矿物质层层堆积。

But in both black and white smokers, as the water is emitted in the plume, the minerals that precipitate out eventually build up around the event, forming large tower like structures or minerals build up layer upon layer.

我们称这些为烟囱，就像房子上的烟囱一样，不同的矿物质会倾向于在烟囱的不同地方积聚。

And we call these chimneys, just like a chimney on a house, different minerals will tend to build up at different places on the chimneys.

但有些矿物，如二氧化硅，前者是一种水泥，它将整个结构结合在一起。

But some of the minerals like silica, the former kind of cement, and it holds the whole structure together.

它们可以长得相当大，而且生长速度也很快。

So they can grow quite large and quite quickly.

如果你能相信的话，有一根烟囱达到了47米。

If you can believe it, there was one chimney that reached 47 meters.

It collapsed, but it's actually now rebuilding.

According to the professor, what is the main difference between geysers and hydrothermal vents?

What aspect of hydrothermal vents is of most significance to the professor?

What conditions are needed for hydrothermal vents to form? Click on 2 answers.

What are two differences between black smokers and white smokers?

What does the professor say about the chimney structures that grow around hydrothermal vents?

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