『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 69 Lec3听力练习，Official 69 Lec3原文答案解析，Official 69 Lec3听力原文练习音频翻译。

托福TPO/Official 69 Lec3听力原答案解析-音频翻译【新东方在线】

Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.

教授：所以，我们已经看到了一些视觉与我们截然不同的动物的例子。

Professor: 
So, we've seen some examples of animals whose vision is very different from our own.

现在，我想讨论一下这个想法。

Professor: Now, I'd like to play around with this idea.

动物的视觉感知，它看待世界的方式，对它的行为有深远的影响。

Professor: An animal's visual perception, the way it sees the world has a profound effect on the way it behaves.

当我们试图理解一种与我们感知不同的动物的行为时，我们是从我们的角度来解读它们的行为。

Professor: When we try to understand the behavior of an animal whose perception is different from ours, we're interpreting their behavior from our perspective.

因此，我们目前关于动物行为理论的一些思考，如果没有考虑到感知差异，可能会有偏见。

Professor: For that reason, some of our current thinking about animal behavior theories which have not taken perceptual differences into account may be biased.

那么，在我们开始之前，谁能提醒我们一下这些差异，杰克。

Professor: So, before we get started, who can remind us of, some of these differences, yes, Jack.

学生：上周我们谈到了复眼昆虫。

Student: Well. Last week we talked about insects with compound eyes.

我记得书里有一张图片，展示了每只眼睛实际上是如何看到一个物体的数百个图像，而我们只看到一个。

Student: And I remember this picture in the book that showed you how each I was actually seeing hundreds of images of an object when we'd see only one.

教授：我很高兴你提到了那个例子。

Professor: 
I'm glad you brought up that example.

因为我今天想讨论的动物也有复眼。

Professor: Because the animal I want to discuss today also has compound eyes.

研究人员对这种感知与行为之间的联系非常感兴趣，因此对招潮蟹进行了相当多的研究。

Professor: The fiddler crab has been studied quite a bit by researchers interested in this connection between perception and behavior.

Professor: One reason is that it's quite easy to observe.

它生活在泥滩的开阔地带，领土非常有限。

Professor: It lives out in the open on mud flats and has a very limited territory.

事实上，它很少离开这个泥滩环境。

Professor: In fact, it rarely leaves this mud environment.

现在，招潮蟹有一种不寻常的视力方式。

Professor: Now, the fiddler crab has an unusual way of seeing.

正如你从这张图片中看到的，它的眼睛位于直立的眼柄上。

Professor: As you'll notice from this picture, its eyes are located on stocks that point straight up.

这样可以让螃蟹获得全景视觉。

Professor: This gets the crab a panoramic visual field.

Professor: Here, let me show you what I mean.

所以，招潮蟹可以在各个方向上360°全方位地看到。

Professor: So, the fiddler crab can see 360 ° all around in every direction.

每根触角的末端分成大约一万个小眼睛。

Professor: The end of each stock is divided into about 10,000 little eyes.

它的复眼与某些昆虫的复眼相似。

Professor: It has compound vision similar to what some insects have.

另一个不寻常的特点是，这只蟹的视力在周边，即视觉场的外缘最为清晰。

Professor: Another unusual feature is that this crab’s vision is sharpest on the periphery, on the outer edges of its visual field.

实际上，当你意识到它的视觉场边缘是其他螃蟹可能出现的地方时，这就更有意义了，因为它们必须在这些地方做出最细微的区分，比如区分对手和伴侣。

Professor: That actually this makes a lot more sense when you realize that it's on the edge of its visual field, on the ground where the other crabs are likely to be, that they have to make the finest distinctions like between rival and mate.

但即使是螃蟹视觉场中最清晰的部分也不是很好。

Professor: But even the sharpest part of the crab’s visual field isn't all that great.

就像，想象一下看一张报纸，你看到的什么都不是，只是一个模糊的白色物体，可能上面还有几个黑点。

Professor: It'd be like, imagine looking at a newspaper and say, you saw nothing, but a blurry white object, maybe with a few black spots on it.

现在，动物必须能够看到的另一件重要事情是捕食者。

Professor: OK. Now, another important thing animals have to be able to see is predators.

对于招潮蟹来说，最重要的捕食者通常是鸟类。

Professor: For filler crabs, the most important predators are typically birds.

招潮蟹的视野中心会让你感到惊讶。

Professor: The very center of the filler crabs’ field of vision is surprise.

螃蟹的视觉范围在中心、天空上甚至比在边缘还要模糊。

Professor: The crab’s visual field is even blurry in the center, up in the sky, then it is on the edges.

如果螃蟹的视觉中心如此模糊，那它们怎么能自我防卫呢？

Student: If the center of the crab’s visual field is so blurry, then how can they ever defend themselves?

我的意思是，你怎么知道它们不会搞错呢？

Student: I mean, how do you know they wouldn't mistake?

我不知道空中有什么东西会被误认为是鸟。

Student: I don't know something anything in the air for a bird.

教授：这回到了我之前说过的。

Professor: Well. This goes back to what I said earlier.

我们需要停止从自己的视觉角度思考，而是从动物的角度思考，因为它看到的一切都是模糊的。

Professor: We need to stop thinking from our own visual perspective and think about it from the animal’s point of view, because everything it sees is blurry.

Professor: The fiddler crab’s world view is a very simple one.

天上的一切都被认为是捕食者。

Professor: Everything in the sky is assumed to be a predator.

而地面上的一切都被假设为螃蟹。

Professor: And everything on the ground is assumed to be a crab.

这是它生存所需做出的最基本区分。

Professor: This is the most basic distinction it needs to make for its survival.

那么，对于我们来说，模糊的视力是什么劣势呢？

Professor: So, what for us would be a disadvantage blurry vision?

实际上，这对螃蟹的生存来说是一个优势。

Professor: Actually, turns out for the crab to be an advantage to its survival.

这种看法简化了螃蟹对所见事物的反应方式。

Professor: This way of seeing simplifies the way the crab needs to respond to whatever it sees.

学生：但是，我们怎么能确定呢？

Student: 
But, how can we know that for sure?

教授：实际上，研究人员已经证明了这一点。

Professor: 
Actually, researchers have proven it.

他们在一个有招潮蟹栖息的泥滩上放置了一个圆柱体。

Professor: They placed a cylinder on a mud flat inhabited by fiddler crabs.

螃蟹把这个物体当成另一只螃蟹来对待，有的与之争斗，有的无视它，甚至把它当作潜在的伴侣来打量。

Professor: The crabs treated the object like another crab, fighting it, ignoring it, or even sizing it up as a potential mate.

但当同样的圆柱体被扔到泥滩上空时，所有的螃蟹都跑回了它们的巢穴。

Professor: But when the same cylinder was tossed up in the air over the mud flats, all the crabs ran for the safety of their Burroughs.

你可以看到螃蟹的行为是如何受到其视觉的影响的。

Professor: So you can see how the crab’s behavior is affected by its vision.

任何物体，只要在他的视野边缘，就会被视为另一只螃蟹。

Professor: Any object, as long as it's on the periphery of his visual field, is perceived as another crab.

而当那个物体在空中位于其视野中心时，被视为不是螃蟹，因此是一种潜在的捕食者。

Professor: And that same object when seen in the air at the center of its visual field, is perceived as not a crab, and therefore, a potential predator.

What feature does the professor describe as being common to both an insect and a fiddler crab?

According to the professor, what detail about the fiddler crab makes it easy to observe?

According to the professor, what is the most important distinction that a fiddler crab must make?

How would a fiddler crab react to a ball thrown in the sky above it?

What does the professor imply when she says this:

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