『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 68 Lec1听力练习：According to the professor, what appears to be the main reason that the Thule engraved holes and lines into their artifacts?原文题目答案解析，TPO/Official 68 Lec1听力原文范文音频翻译。

托福TPO/Official 68 Lec1听力原文According to the professor, what appears to be the main reason that the Thule engraved holes and lines into their artifacts?【新东方在线】

旁白：请听一段艺术史课堂的讲座。教授:好的，让我们来看一下北极的两种特定的古代文化，它们都生活在大陆的最北端，Dorset文化和Thule文化。

Narrator: Listen to a part of lecture in an art history class. Professor:OK, let’s look at two specific ancient cultures of the arctic, both of which lived on the far northern edge of the continent, the Dorset and the Thule.

Dorset文化开始于公元前800年左右，横跨加拿大北极地区的大部分地区。

The Dorset culture began around eight hundred BC and ranged to cross most of arctic Canada.

Thule文化，他们住在同一地区，但大约在1200年后。

The Thule, well, they lived in the same area, but about twelve hundred years later.

这两个族群都留下了一些美丽的艺术品，这是证明这些人存在的最好证据。

Both groups left some beautiful art behind, really are best evidence that these folks even existed.

虽然这两种文化都生活在同一个地区，但每个族群都以非常不同的方式打造他们各自的艺术。

And although these two cultures lived in the same region, each group approached their art in very different ways.

好了，先说一下Dorset文化。考古学家们已经出土了数百件Dorset的雕塑，大部分是用象牙或骨头雕刻而成的，有时也用石头来雕刻。

Alright, so the Dorset culture. Archaeologists have unearthed hundreds of Dorset sculptures mostly carve from ivory or bone and sometimes stone.

它们大多是动物或人的小型雕塑。我们最靠谱的猜测是它们可能主要用于信仰意图。

They were mostly small sculptures of animal or human figures.And our best guess is that they were probably used mainly for religious purposes.

The main subject of Dorset animal sculptures is the polar bear.

其中一些北极熊以自然主义或现实主义的方式表现出来，但通常他们的作品过于抽象或风格化，也就是说不太现实。

Some of these polar bears are represented in naturalistic or realistic ways, but usually, their abstracted or stylized that is to say less realistic.

它是用象牙雕刻的，我们把这些手工艺品称为飞行或者漂浮的北极熊，因为，因为它们看起来就像北极熊处在飞行或漂浮的状态。

It's carved from ivory, we call these artifacts flying or floating polar bears, because, because they look like the polar bears doing just that flying or floating.

留意这些独特的标记，它们似乎有意突出熊的骨骼或关节。

Notice the distinctive markings, they seem to mark out the skeleton or joints of the bear.

虽然北极熊是最受欢迎的雕刻主题，但Dorset人也创作了其他动物的雕塑，比如海豹和驯鹿，它们都以更现实的方式表现出来。

While polar bears were favorite subject, the Dorset created sculptures of other animals too, like seals and caribou which were represented in a more realistic fashion.

我们推测，如果Dorset人害怕或者敬畏某种特定的动物，他们更有可能用一种特定的方式来表现它

We speculate that if the Dorset feared or respected a particular animal, they were more likely to present it in a stylized way

比如北极熊。当然，北极熊是一种大型危险的捕食者，也许，这是他们应对恐惧的一种方式。

like with the polar bear, which, of course, is a large dangerous predator, maybe, it was a way of dealing with their fear.

我们也有更具暗示意义的Dorset雕塑，

We also have Dorset’s sculptures whose meaning is more allusive.

I'm talking about horns with many human faces carved into them.

这些雕塑的非凡之处在于，它们的每个角上都刻有各种各样的人类面部表情。

What's remarkable about these sculptures is the variety of facial types in expressions that appear on the single horn.

如同只有雕刻在这些手工艺品上的人，才能回答我们的疑问，可以告知他们是Dorset人的祖先，还是村民，或者其他什么的。

If only the people represented on these artifacts could answer our questions, it tells us whether they are ancestors or residents of village or what.

好，让我们把目光转到Thule艺术，它与Dorset艺术在一些重要的方面有所不同。

Okay, let's switch to Thule art, which differs from Dorset art in, in some important ways.

有趣的是，Thule艺术作品并没有受到早期Dorset文化的影响。

Interestingly, Thule artwork wasn't generally influenced by the earlier Dorset culture.

它似乎是从一个起源于阿拉斯加的独立传统中发展而来的。

It seems it would’ve grown out of a separate tradition that originated in Alaska.

Thule艺术品最有可能被用来装饰普通的物品，比如具有吸引力的工具设计，

Thule artwork was most likely used to decorate common objects such as tools with attractive designs,

我们不能完全确定这一点。然而，我们试图解读Thule 部落艺术中的象征性的设计。

we can't be entirely sure about this.However, we've tried to interpret the symbolic designs in Thule art.

当然，这种解释的准确性是无法确认的。

But of course, it's impossible to confirm the accuracy of such interpretations.

我们所知道的是，Thule人广泛地使用雕刻，他们在各种材料上凿出小孔并刻出线条。

What we do know is that the Thule people made extensive use of engravings, they drove the small holes and carve lines into various materials.

这些雕刻图案，更确切地说，是在各种各样的艺术品上发现的，从武器到珠宝，到锥形物和盒子。

These engravings, engraved patterns, rather, are found on the diverse group of artifacts, things ranging from weapons to jewelry to cones and boxes.

这里有一些例子，虽然看不清楚，但这些物品上都有雕刻。

Here's some examples. It's hard to see, but most of these objects do have engravings on them.

Thule艺术更多的是一种平面艺术。更像是绘画。

Thule art was more of a graphic art. Uh, more like drawing.

他们的许多设计呈现出几何和抽象的形式。其他的则是人与动物的雕刻。

Many of their designs are geometric and abstract. Others containing engravings of human and animal figures.

例如，在左边的长而细的物体，在上面有一张脸。

For instance, the long skinny object, among left, has a face at the top.

我们还发现了刻有狩猎和露营场景的工具柄。

We’ve also found the tool handle with hunting and camp scenes carved into it.

就Thule的雕塑而言，只有一些像是右下角的木桩一样的小物件。

As far as Thule’s sculpture goes, there is only a few small objects in wooden dowels like the one in the bottom right-hand corner.

这些要么是没有面部特征，要么是非常基本的特征，和Dorset雕塑相比较，面部上没有那么详细，那么个性化。

These have either no facial features or very rudimentary ones, less detailed, less individualized than the faces of Dorset’s sculpture.

一位学者认为，这种差异源于Thule社会的性质，它是建立在海洋上的集体狩猎探险之上的。

One scholar has argued that this difference resulted from the nature of Thule’s society which was built around group hunting expeditions on the ocean.

这种狩猎方式需要大量的合作，这可能导致了它们在艺术上的整体一致性。

This hunting approach required a great deal of cooperation which may have led to a kind of an overall uniformity in their art.

强调共性而不是个性，这可能解释了为什么人像雕塑的面部或者那些有着标准化的脸看起来都很相似。

And emphasis on commonality rather than individuality, which probably explains why there’re human figures like the faces or had standardized faces that all look similar.

最著名的几个Thule雕塑是一种鸟类的生物，具有一半是鸟和一半是女人的特征。

The most famous of the few Thule sculptures are the ones of birds in creatures that are part bird and part woman.

虽然这个雕塑可能有一些象征意义，但上面有钻孔的图案。

While the sculpture is probably had some symbolic purpose, patterns of holes were drilled into them too.

所以，总的来说，与Dorset的艺术品相比，Thule的艺术可能有更多的装饰或实用功能。

So, in general compared with artwork of the Dorset, Thule art probably had a more decorative or utilitarian function.

What does the professor imply about "flying" or "floating" polar-bear sculptures? Click on 2 answers.

According to the professor, what can be inferred about Dorset society based on its artwork?

According to the professor, what appears to be the main reason that the Thule engraved holes and lines into their artifacts?

Why does the professor mention Thule group-hunting expeditions?

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