『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 67 Lec2听力练习：Why does the professor mention the author Steven Johnson?原文题目答案解析，TPO/Official 67 Lec2听力原文范文音频翻译。

托福TPO/Official 67 Lec2听力原文Why does the professor mention the author Steven Johnson?【新东方在线】

旁白：请听一段心理学课堂讲座。教授：我们已经建立了情感和记忆之间的紧密联系。

Narrator: Listen to a part of lecture in a psychology class. Professor:So we've established that there's a strong connection between emotions and memories.

现在已经有相当多的研究对这种联系进行了研究。

Now, quite a bit of research has gone into investigating the connection.

哈佛大学的一个研究小组进行了一项研究，研究情绪是如何影响我们的，我们可以记住多少，我们能记住多少记忆的细节。

One study conducted by a research team at Harvard, looked at how emotions affect, how much we remember, how many details of the memory were able to remember.

在这项研究中，研究人员向志愿者展示了一系列图片。

In the study, volunteers were shown a series of pictures.

一些是诸如一个孩子的微笑的积极的图像，一些是消极的，还有一些是中性的。

Some were positive images like a child smiling, the summer negative, and some were just neutral.

有人能猜出哪个图像最容易记住吗?罗伯特?

Can anyone guess which images were the easiest to remember? Robert？

男同学: 最积极和最消极的图片，那些能激起最强烈情感反应的图片。

Male Student:Uh, the most positive and negative images, the ones that triggered the strongest emotional responses.

教授: 没错!那些产生极端情绪反应的图像，无论是积极的还是消极的，都比中性的图像更容易被回忆起来。

Professor:Right! Those images that generated a more extreme emotional response, positive or negative, they were easier to recall than the neutral images.

非常直观吧?但科学家们还发现，人们从负面图像中记住的细节比从正面图像中记住的要多。

Pretty intuitive, right? But the scientists also found that people remember more details from a negative image than they do from positive one.

教授:我们认为它的根源在于我们通过记住一个负面事件的细节来应对高度紧张或危险的情况。

Professor:Well, we think it's rooted in how we respond to highly stressful or dangerous situations, by remembering a negative event in detail.

如果有一天你遇到类似的情况，这些细节可能会很有帮

Well, those details might be really helpful if someday you're faced with a similar situation.

男学生: 我想我知道你的意思了。

Male Student:I think you know what you mean.

我年轻的时候，有一次爬梯子的时候，梯子很湿导致我我差点滑倒跌落。

When I was younger, I was climbing a ladder and one of the uh wrongs was wet and nearly slipped and fell.

我记得我当时有多害怕。我依然能看到那个台阶上的小水珠。

I remember just how scared I felt. And I can still see the little beads of water on that step.

教授: 我敢说你到现在都很谨慎，对吧?

Professor:And I bet you're careful around matters to this day, aren't you?

现在研究人员关注的另一个问题是，大脑中是否有特定的区域与不同的情绪状态相关联?

Now, another question that researchers have focused on is, are there specific areas of the brain associated with different emotional states?

神经系统科学家Antonio Damasio验证了这个想法。

One neuroscientist Antonio Damasio tested this idea.

他假设不同的情绪会触发大脑不同部位的活动。

Damasio hypothesized that different emotions would trigger activity in different parts of the brain.

为了验证他的假设，一组研究人员将一些志愿者连接到大脑扫描设备上，并要求他们回忆一些强烈的记忆。

To test his hypothesis, a team of researchers hooked up some volunteers to brain scanning equipment and ask them to recall to relive actually some intense memories

比如他们在毕业典礼那天的兴奋心情。

like the elation they felt on graduation day.

研究结果支持了Damasio的假设，记忆快乐的事件确实激活了大脑的一个区域，而忆起悲伤的事件激活了大脑的另一个区域。

And the results supported Damasio hypothesis, remembering a happy event did indeed activate one area of the brain, while remembering a sad event activated another.

这个发现即特定类型的情绪与特定的大脑区域有关，

This finding that emotions of a specific type are associated with a specific brain region 

可以帮助解释为什么当你有某种感觉时，大脑会激活与那种特殊感觉相关的过去情景的记忆。

may help explain why when you're feeling a certain way the brain will activate memories of past situations associated with that particular feeling.

这种现象我们称之为情绪一致性。

一致性是指两件事之间的和谐。

Congruity means something like harmony between two things.

所以情绪一致性是这样工作的。

如果你感到快乐，你的大脑更有可能回忆起愉快的记忆。

If you're feeling happy, it's more likely that your brain will call a pleasant memories.

比如你去年去海滩度假，当然这强化了你快乐的情绪。

Like that wonderful beach vacation you took last year, which, of course, just reinforces your happy mood.

大脑会支持你的情绪。它不会试图通过产生与你当时感觉不一致的记忆来平衡或调节。

The brain is wired to support your mood. It's not going to try to balance or temperate by producing memories that aren't consistent with the way you're feeling at that moment.

但回到Damasio团队的实验，有一个出乎意料的结果。

But going back to Damasio teams’ experiment, there was one result that was unexpected.

他们在观察一个特定区域的扫描结果时发现志愿者的前额叶皮质。

And they discovered it when they looked at the scans of one particular region.The volunteers, prefrontal cortices.

谁能告诉我他们对前额皮质的了解?

Oh, okay. Who can tell me what they know about the prefrontal cortex?

男学生: 这是大脑的最前部负责的。它与产生想法有关，对吧?和我们的创造性思维能力有关?

Male Student:Uh, that's the very front of the brain. It's responsible for... It's associated with generating ideas, right? With our capacity for creative thought?

教授: 是的，还有其他的事情。研究人员从志愿者那里了解到，大脑扫描显示，当你开心的时候，你的前额皮质非常活跃。

Professor:Yes, among other things. Well, what the researchers learned from the volunteers, brain scans was that when you're happy, your prefrontal cortex is extremely active.

但如果你抑郁了，你的前额皮质活动就会减缓。

But if you are depressed, your prefrontal cortex slows down.

它不会像正常情况下那样产生很多想法。

It doesn't generate as many thoughts as it normally would.

所以当你感到悲伤的时候，大脑功能发生了一些变化，减少了前额叶皮层的输出。

So there's something about being sad, some change in the way the brain functions that diminishes the output from the prefrontal cortex.

Now, that sounds like bad news, doesn't it?

除了作家Steven Johnson写过一些关于大脑的畅销书，他对此有一个有趣的见解。

Except well. This writer Steven Johnson, who writes popular books about the brain, has an interesting insight about this.

他说读到关于预期发现的演示时，他实际上松了一口气。

He said that he was actually relieved to read demos on expected finding.

你看，Johnson说每当他感到悲伤的时候，他就停止了产生有趣的想法和主意。他感觉一点创造力都没有。

You see, Johnson says that whenever he felt sad, he stopped having interesting thoughts and ideas. He ..he didn't feel creative at all.

他就会缺乏生产力。Megan的感觉更糟了，当然，这反过来也延长了他的坏心情。

His lack of productivity. Megan feel even worse, which, in turn, of course, prolonged his bad mood.

Damasio的发现让Johnson意识到，他的前额皮质只是对他消极的精神状态做出了暂时的反应。

Damasio finding made Johnson realize that his prefrontal cortex was just responding temporarily to his negative state of mind.

所以现在他只是提醒自己-当他的心情好转，他的创造力就会回来。

So, now he just reminds himself that his creativity will return once his mood improves.

The professor discusses a study in which scientists showed a series of pictures to volunteers. What did the scientists try to determine in that study?

The professor explains the concept of mood congruity. Which example illustrates her point?

What did the study by Damasio's team indicate about the prefrontal cortex?

Why does the professor mention the author Steven Johnson?

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