『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 65 Lec3听力练习，Official 65 Lec3原文答案解析，Official 65 Lec3听力原文练习音频翻译。

托福TPO/Official 65 Lec3听力原答案解析-音频翻译【新东方在线】

Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.

透视画法，这在欧洲文艺复兴时期是一个全新的艺术观念。

Professor: Perspective, this was a brand-new idea in art during the European Renaissance.

在此之前，画家们接受了绘画是二维的这一事实，绘画中的一切或多或少都是平面的。

Before this time, painters had accepted the fact that a painting was two-dimensional and everything was more or less flat in a painting.

但是你可以，在你画画的时候，让它看起来有深度，让它看起来像东西在回去的时候离得更远。

But you can, as you’re painting or drawing, make it look like it has depth, make it look like things get farther away as they go back.

在文艺复兴时期，新的技术被开发出来。

During the Renaissance, new techniques were developed to do this.

最简单的例子就是画一幅路的图。

Now the simplest example would be trying to draw a picture of a road.

如果你画两条平行的线。这条路看起来很平坦。它看起来不像延伸到远处。

If you draw two parallel lines right next to one another. The road looks flat. It doesn’t look like it stretches off into the distance.

为了让它看起来像是向远处延伸，你要画两条稍微收敛的线，

In order to make it look like it stretches off into the distance, you draw your two lines slightly converging,

越来越近直到它们在我们称之为消失点的地方相交。

getting closer and closer together until they meet at what we call the vanishing point.

这给观众的错觉是路离的越来越远。

This gives you the illusion that the road gets farther and farther away from you, the viewer.

因此，随着这种透视在绘画中变得越来越普遍和流行，它开始被布景设计师使用。

So as this process of perspective in painting became more and more common and more and more popular, it began to be used by set designers.

当时剧院的布景设计师一般都是画家

Set designers in the theater at this time were generally painters

所以这些创作透视画的画家决定在舞台上做同样的事情，创作透视布景设计。

so these painters who were creating perspective paintings decided to do the same thing on stage and create perspective set designs.

为了做到这一点，他们必须使用翅膀。

In order to do this, they had to use wings.

好问题。这跟鸟和飞行没有关系。

Good question. Well, it doesn’t involve birds or flying.

在这种情况下，翼是一个巨大的木制框架，覆盖着帆布。

In this context, a wing is a large wooden frame covered with a canvas.

基本上，这是一幅很大的画。比如，3米长，2.5米高。

Basically, it’s a very large painting. Let’s say, three meters long by two and a half meters tall.

在文艺复兴时期，典型的舞台设计是在舞台左边有四个翼，右边有四个翼，

A typical set design during the Renaissance would have four wings on stage left, four wings on stage right,

后面还有一个翼，营造出一幅巨大画作的假象。

and another one in the back, creating the illusion of one big giant painting.

你会把这些布置在舞台上，它会看起来像一个城镇广场或者树林里的小树林或者其他的场景。

And you would arrange these on stage and it would look like a town square or a grove of trees in the woods or whatever the setting was.

有两种方式来安排这些翅膀来创造舞台上的透视错觉。

There were two ways to arrange these wings to create the illusion of perspective on stage.

最早的方法被称为有角度的翅膀，因为一开始透视很难做到，对吧?这是一项新技术。

The earliest method was known as angled wings because perspective was difficult to do at first, right? It was a new technique.

Painters were just getting the hang of it.

这需要你的翅膀不是正对着观众，而是稍微向舞台后部倾斜。

This involved placing your wings not directly facing the audience, but slightly angled toward the back of the stage.

这就像画道路一样，这些线开始汇聚在一起。

This is just like that drawing of the road, where the lines start to come together.

通过把翅膀放在这个角度上，画家更容易创造出一种错觉，当你向舞台后部移动时，东西离你越来越远了。

By placing the wings at this angle, it made it much easier for the painters to create the illusion that things got farther away, as you move toward the back of the stage.

无论是建筑、树木还是你想要创造的布景类型。

Whether it was buildings, trees, or type of set you were trying to create.

There was a problem with angled wings, though.

这种错觉很美，但有角度的翅膀很难改变，这使得任何戏剧都很难设置多个背景。

The illusion was beautiful, but angled wings are very difficult to change, made it very hard to have more than just one setting for any given play.

他们想出了一种方法来移动或改变翅膀的角度。但你会发现这不是很方便。

They came up with a method for shifting or changing these angled wings. But you’ll see that it wasn’t very convenient.

它只是简单地为每个翼有多个画布。

It involved simply having multiple canvases for each wing.

如果你有你的翅膀，上面画着它的场景，你可以在后面挂上挂两个或三个以上的画布。

If you have your wing, and it has its scene painted on it, you could hang two or three more canvases over the back.

当你想改变布景时，你只需把画布翻到前面。

When you wanted to change sets, you simply take that canvas and flip it over to the front.

当然，这需要很多人来做，但它看起来总是不太对，因为它没有牢固地附着在框架上。

Of course it requires a number of people to do that and it never quite looks right because it’s not firmly attached to the frame.

所以随着画家们在透视画法上的进步以及他们技术也越来越先进

So as painters got better at painting in perspective as their techniques became more advanced,

他们发展出了让翅膀直接面对观众的能力，而不是把翅膀斜插进去。

they developed the ability to have these wings directly facing the audience instead of angling them in.

这种开发使更改集合变得更容易。

This development made it easier to change sets.

他们说，我们就一个接一个地接下去。

They said, we’ll just put another behind another behind another.

当需要换一套的时候，我们只需要把第一个拉开，然后显示后面的那些。

When it’s time to change a set, we simply pull the first ones away and we reveal the ones that are behind.

当然，把它们排成一排的问题是仍然需要很多人把这些大翅膀拖走。

Of course, the problem with lining them up was it still required a number of people to drag these large wings out of the way.

然后，在1645年，战车杆子系统被开发出来。

Then, in 1645, the chariot-and-pole system was developed.

战车只是一辆滚动的马车，位于舞台下方的铁轨上，用杆子通过舞台地板上的长孔将其与机翼相连。

The chariot was simply a rolling wagon located below the stage on tracks, poles connected it to the wings through long holes in the stage floor.

使用一个滑轮和绳索系统，所有的滑轮和绳索都连接在一个曲柄上，一个人可以坐在舞台下面，一次把所有的翅膀移开或移开舞台。

Using a system of pulleys and ropes that were all attached to a single crank, one person could sit below the stage and move all the wings off or on stage at once.

Why does the professor mention a picture of a road?

What limitation did angled wings help to overcome?

What was an advantage of flat wings over angled wings?

How did the invention of the chariot-and-pole system change theater productions?

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