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托福TPO/Official 72 Lec3听力原答案解析-音频翻译【新东方在线】

旁白：请听一段心理学课堂中的讲座片段。

Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class.

教授：今天我们要讨论几项与婴儿学习有关的实验。

Professor: we're going to talk today about a couple of experiments related to learning in infants or babies.

主要涉及两个方面：记忆和模仿。

记忆和模仿……你们读过课本第8章，对吧？

Memory and imitation… so… You read chapter 8 of your textbook, right?

我们要看的两项研究都曾引发争议，

The two studies I want to look at… They've been controversial.

因为它们显示这些能力在婴儿身上出现得比我们原来以为的要早。

That's because they show these things happening before, earlier, than we used to think.

首先，让我们来看卡罗琳·格鲁维·科利尔的一个实验。

So first, let's look at an experiment by Caroline Groovy Collier.

她发表了一项重要研究，考察婴儿的认知能力。

She published an important study that looked at the cognitive abilities of infants.

What can you tell me about Groovy Collier study?

学生：嗯，她让一个婴儿躺在婴儿床里，婴儿床上方挂着一个玩具转盘，然后一根丝带从转盘绑到了婴儿的腿上。

Student:
Hmm, she had a baby in a crib, and above the baby, there was a toy, a mobile, hanging above the crib, and a ribbon was tight from the mobile to the baby’s leg.

这样一来，当婴儿踢腿时，转盘就会转动。

Hmm, so when the baby kicks, the mobile moved.

教授：你们书里有这个实验的图片。

Professor:
There is a picture in your book.

学生：对……当他们几周后再次把婴儿放进婴儿床时，

Student:
So… yeah. when they return the baby to the crib weeks later, the baby kick it’s leg when it's on the mobile again.

虽然婴儿的腿没有再绑在转盘上，但他还是在踢腿。

Its foot wasn't tied to the mobile, but it was still kicking.

格鲁维·科利尔还说，这可以作为证据，证明婴儿记住了一些东西，有了记忆。

Student:
But Groovy Collier also went on to say that was proof evidence, that the baby had remembered something, had a memory.

婴儿记得“踢腿会让转盘动”这件事。

The baby had kept that information that kicking moves the mobile.

教授：很好。在那些实验中，婴儿通常只有两个半月大。

Professor:
Good, in those experiments, you typically had two-and-a-half-month-old infant.

The baby kicks and gets to see the mobile move.

所以科利尔得出结论：即使是很小的婴儿也能记住、保留这种信息。

So Groovy Collier concludes that very young infants can remember, retain information like this.

那么，评论者对她的结论是怎么说的呢？萨拉？

So, what did critic say about her conclusions, Sarah?

学生：他们说这不是真的记忆。不是“真正的”记忆。

Student:
That it wasn't true. it wasn't real memory.

教授：很好。评论者中有一位该领域的权威研究者提出了一个区分。

Professor: Yes, good.Here's a distinction one critics raised.

他说，婴儿看到转盘动后踢腿的行为，是一种“隐性记忆”。

This researcher, a leading expert in the field, said that the baby kicking after seeing the mobile is an example of implicit memory.

隐性记忆指的是我们记住了信息，但却没有意识到自己记住了它。

Implicit memory refers to remembering information but not being consciously aware of remembering.

比如很多动作技能——这些是涉及身体运动的技能。

动作技能就是隐性记忆的一种，比如学会骑自行车。

Remember those are skills involving movement of the body that kind of thing.

所以婴儿的踢腿行为涉及到的是感知和动作技能，也就是隐性记忆。

Motor skills are forms of implicit memory, like knowing how to ride a bike, so the baby’s kicking has to do with implicit memory because it involves perception and motor skills.

而“显性记忆”呢……你来说说，是什么？

Now, explicit memory on the other hand is… well, you tell me, what is it?

学生：显性记忆就是你能有意识地记起一件事。

Student:
That's where you can remember something, remember it consciously.

You can remember what happened in the past.

这通常才是我们说“记忆”这个词的含义。我是说，“真正的”记忆。

That's what usually meant by the word memory. I mean, real memory.

教授：好，大多数研究者认为，婴儿要到六个月甚至一岁大时，才会出现显性记忆的能力，这比格鲁维·科利尔所说的时间要晚。

OK, and most researchers they would say that ability in the area of explicit memory doesn't happen until the baby is six months to a year old, later than what Groovy Collier said.

所以，在婴儿记忆研究中，对“隐性记忆”和“显性记忆”的区分非常重要。

So that distinction between two different kinds of memory is important in this debate about memory and infants,

and then there's another thing, another cognitive ability they tested besides memory.

比如家长对婴儿笑，婴儿也笑；家长张嘴，婴儿也张嘴。

That's like when a parent smiles and the baby smiles back or the parent open their mouth then the baby opens its mouth.

这里的研究者是安德鲁·梅尔佐夫。

他研究的是婴儿出生后头几天的行为。

Meltzoff has done studies with babies in the first few days after they were born.

学生：嗯……他会做出一些动作，比如伸舌头、张嘴，婴儿就能模仿他。

Student:
Yeah, Hmm… he would do things like stick out his tongue and open his mouth and the baby was able to imitate it.

他认为模仿是天生的。我想是因为……他们是在第一次看到这些动作后就能模仿了，对吧？

He thought imitation was biologically based, I think, and that's because… wasn’t it because they were imitating something right after they seen it for the first time?

梅尔佐夫的研究显示，在生命的前三天里，婴儿就能做出完整的模仿反应。他认为这是生物学基础决定的，因为在那之前婴儿根本没有机会去观察别人做出这些动作。

Meltzoff showed that in the first three days of life, the babies could do a full imitate of response, and he thinks it's a biologically based because this occurs before they had the opportunity to observe other people engage in these behaviors.

不过，其他一些专家并不同意。

他们认为这只是婴儿的一种自动反应，不是真正的模仿。而真正的模仿要到更晚才会出现。

They say that this was just an automatic response on the baby’s part, not true imitation, and true imitation doesn't happen until much later they think.

梅尔佐夫还研究了“延迟模仿”，

Meltzoff also tested something called deferred imitation.

也就是在一段时间后发生的模仿，可能是几个小时甚至几天之后。

It’s an imitation that occurs after a time to leave hours or even days.

他的研究表明，9个月大的婴儿能模仿他们24小时前看到的动作，比如按下一个会发出“哔”声的按钮。

Meltzoff show that nine-month-old infants could imitate actions that they seem performed 24 hours earlier, like pushing a button into box that produce the beeping sound.

但有些专家，比如皮亚杰认为，延迟模仿要到18个月大左右才会发生。

But some experts, like Piaget believed that deferred imitation doesn't occur until about 18 months of age,

所以你可以看到，关于这些能力到底从什么时候开始发展的，科学界还没有完全达成共识，

so you can see that when some of these things begin, remembering imitation isn't entirely certain yet,

但我相信心理学家最终会在这些问题上达成一致。

but still I do think psychologists will eventually find agreement on these issues.

What happened in the Rovee-Collier experiment?

What did Rovee-Collier conclude based on her experiment?

What did Meltzoff conclude from his experiments? Click on 2 answers

What response did critics have to both the Rovee-Collier and the Meltzoff experiments?

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