『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 29 Lec 2听力练习：According to the lecture, what were Sabine’s contributions to architectural acoustics?原文题目答案解析，TPO/Official 29 Lec 2听力原文范文音频翻译。

托福TPO/Official 29 Lec 2听力原文According to the lecture, what were Sabine’s contributions to architectural acoustics?【新东方在线】

Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in an architecture class.

教授：今天我谈谈建筑世界和声音之间的关系。

Professor: Today I'd like to talk a bit about the relationship between the built world and sound.

额，像是音乐厅或者剧院这种建筑设计。

Uh, the design of buildings like concert halls or theaters.

那么，对于这种建筑的设计，最重要的一方面是什么呢？

So, what's the most important aspect in the design of such a building?

教授：是的。人们关注听众席和剧院中声音是如何被传播的已经有2000年的时间了。

Professor: Yes. Now, people have been concerned about how sound carries in auditoriums and theaters for at least 2,000 years.

但是直到20世纪初，建筑声学才成为了一个科学领域。

But it was not until the beginning of the twentieth century that architectural acoustics became a scientific field.

在那个时候物理学家Wallace Sabine开始对混响做大量的研究。

That was when the physicist Wallace Sabine started to do extensive studies on reverberation.

Sabine想弄清楚为什么在一个波士顿演讲厅中，观众不能听清演讲者的话。

Sabine wanted to find out why the audience could not understand speakers at a lecture hall in Boston.

他设计了一系列的混响研究去查明原因。

He designed a series of studies on reverberation to figure it out.

它指的是当声源已经停止发声，声音还在房间中持续着。

It's the persistence of sound in a room after the source has stopped making sound.

你知道的，在房间中制造出的声音从墙面、地面以及天花板上反射出来。

You see, sound made in a room reflects off the walls, floors and ceiling.

回响声音逐渐平息的时间长短对于一个房间音质是很重要的。

The time it takes for the reverberant sound to die down is important for the acoustic quality of a room.

Sabine意识到了这一点，并且他想出了一个方程式去测试一个房间的混响时间。

Sabine recognized this and he came up with an equation to measure a room's reverberation time.

那么，如果混响时间太长了，会怎么样？

So, what happens if the reverberation time is very long?

学生：如果你还听得到原来的声音，要听清新的声音会不会很困难？

Student: Wouldn't it be difficult to hear new sounds if you can still hear the old sounds?

教授：正是如此。一个长的混响时间会是一个音符将另一个音符淹没。

Professor: Exactly. A long reverberation time may cause musical notes to drown one another out.

另一方面，如果混响时间太短，意思是，混响被吸收的很快，这个房间就被称为无生命的。

On the other hand, if the reverberation time is very short…meaning, the reverberations are absorbed very quickly, the room is called dead.

表演者会觉得他们必须要奋力将屋子填满声音。

Performers would feel they have to struggle to fill the room with sound.

在一个音乐厅或者剧院中，我更喜欢一个混响室，在那里声音是丰富的。

In a concert hall or theater, we prefer a live room, where the sound has fullness.

所以，我们必须控制混响时间。

So we need to control the reverberation time.

毕竟，我们不希望听众或者表演者去挣扎，是不是？

After all, we don't want the listeners or the performers to have to struggle, right?

那么，当我们设计一个剧院或者音乐厅时，什么是重要的考量？

So what are some important considerations when we design a theater or a concert hall?

教授：绝对的。房间越大，混响时间就越长。

Professor: Absolutely. The larger the room, the longer the reverberation time.

所以，我们必须考虑这个房间主要是用来干什么的，因为音乐比演讲需要更多的混响。

So we'll have to take into account what the room will be mainly used for, since music requires more reverberation than speech.

为音乐设计的房间和为戏剧设计的房间是不同的。

A room intended for music needs to be designed differently from a room intended for drama.

对于音乐，我们需要一个大的房间，一个音乐厅，事实上我应该说是给整个管弦乐队。

For music, we need a very large room, a concert hall, actually I should say for full orchestras.

因为对于单个乐器来说，比如钢琴独奏会，一个有着短混响的房间会更好。

Because for a single instrument, say something like a piano recital, a room with a short reverberation time is better.

所以，对于钢琴独奏，小一点的房间会更好。有什么问题吗？

So for a solo piano a smaller room works well. Yes?

学生：我读到过为交响乐团设计的音乐厅对于爵士乐来说，回声太多。

Student: I read that concert halls designed for symphony orchestras have too much echo for jazz music.

大部分小的爵士乐团需要一个较短混响的房间。

Most small jazz groups would need rooms with a shorter reverberation time.

但是除了房间的大小，另一个影响混响的因素就是房间的形状。

But besides the size of the room, another variable affecting reverberation is the shape of the room.

假如你用光的墙壁和天花板为一个长方形盒装的空间作设计，这个会使声音听上去像是壁球场里的球一样，你知道的，会弹来弹去，击中部分的墙面和天花板，但是也会错过一些墙面。

Let's say you design a rectangular box-like space with bare walls and ceiling, this would allow the sound to act like a ball in a racquetball court, you know, bouncing around and hitting some parts of the walls and ceiling but missing many others.

如果发生在一个音乐厅里，听众们可能会听到部分的声音，而其他的却听不到。

If that happens in a concert hall, audience members may hear some sounds, but not others.

所以，要怎么来平均地将声音分散到各个方向呢？

So what can be done to distribute the sound evenly in every direction?

答案就是：避免直线的，平行的墙面。Karen?

The answer is: avoid straight, parallel walls. Karen?

学生：但是我想我看到过长方形音乐厅的照片。

Student: But I think I've seen photos of rectangular concert halls.

教授：是的，在19世纪的老音乐厅大多是长方形的。

Professor: Right. Older concert halls from the 1800s are generally rectangular.

但是他们在室内墙壁上有很多的装饰品，很多石膏装饰如雕像，这些装饰品可以很有效地传递声音，并从不同的方向反射声音。

But they all have a lot of decorations on the walls inside, lots of ornamental plasterwork like statues, which distribute sound very efficiently, reflecting it in all different directions.

这个就牵涉到我们要考虑的另一个变量了。

And that brings me to another variable we need to consider.

建筑以及墙壁地板覆盖物的材料。

The acoustic characteristics of the building materials as well as the wall and floor coverings.

事实上，大部分你在音乐厅或者剧院看到的东西都有双重功能。

In fact, most objects you see in a concert hall or theater serve double duty.

长绒座椅吸收声音并且会柔化混响。

The plush chairs absorb sound and soften reverberation.

为了要预测一个房间的声效，每个事物都必须要策划到最后一个细节。

You see, everything must be planned down to the last detail in order to predict the acoustic performance of a room.

有这样一个说法，有些事情是不受建筑师的控制的。

That being said, there's something that can’t be controlled by the architect.

The audience has an effect on acoustics too.

人们的脑袋也是声音很好的扩散器。

The heads of people are good diffusers of sound.

建筑师尝试将这个纳入设计的考量，但是他们并不能保证一定满座。

And Architects try to account for this effect in their design, but they can't guarantee a full auditorium.

According to the lecture, what were Sabine’s contributions to architectural acoustics?

According to the professor, what is likely to happen if a room has a very long reverberation time?

Why does the professor mention a piano recital?

According to the professor, what purpose do wall decorations in older concert halls serve?

Narrator Listen to part of a lecture in an architecture class. Professor Today I’d like to talk a bit about the relationship between the built world and sound. Uh, the design of buildings like concert halls or theaters. So, what’s the most important aspect in the design of such a building? Student Acoustics? Professor Yes. Now, people have been concerned about how sound carries in auditoriums and theaters for at least 2,000 years. But it was not until the beginning of the twentieth century that architectural acoustics became a scientific field. That was when the physicist Wallace Sabine started to do extensive studies on reverberation. Sabine wanted to find out why the audience could not understand speakers at a lecture hall in Boston. He designed a series of studies on reverberation to figure it out. So, what is reverberation? It’s the persistence of sound in a room after the source has stopped making sound. You see, sound made in a room reflects off the walls, floors and ceiling. That’s the reverberant sound. The time it takes for the reverberant sound to die down is important for the acoustic quality of a room. Sabine recognized this and he came up with an equation to measure a room’s reverberation time. So, what happens if the reverberation time is very long? Student Wouldn’t it be difficult to hear new sounds if you can still hear the old sounds? Professor Exactly. A long reverberation time may cause musical notes to drown one another out. On the other hand, if the reverberation time is very short … meaning, the reverberations are absorbed very quickly, the room is called dead. Performers would feel they have to struggle to fill the room with sound. We don’t want that. In a concert hall or theater, we prefer a live room, where the sound has fullness. So we need to control the reverberation time. After all, we don’t want the listeners or the performers have to struggle, right? So what are some important considerations when we design a theater or a concert hall? Student The size of the place? Professor Absolutely. The larger the room, the longer the reverberation time. So we’ll have to take into account what the room will be mainly used for, since music requires more reverberation than speech. A room intended for music needs to be designed differently from a room intended for drama. For music, we need a very large room, a concert hall, actually I should say for full orchestras. Because for a single instrument, say something like a piano recital, a room with a short reverberation time is better. So for a solo piano a smaller room works well. Yes? Student I read that concert halls designed for symphony orchestras have too much echo for jazz music. Professor That doesn’t surprise me. Most small jazz groups would need rooms with a shorter reverberation time. But besides the size of the room, another variable affecting reverberation is the shape of the room. Let’s say you design a rectangular box-like space with bare walls and ceiling, this would allow the sound to act like a ball in a racquetball court, you know, bouncing around and hitting some parts of the walls and ceiling but missing many others. If that happens in a concert hall, audience members may hear some sounds, but not others. So what can be done to distribute the sound evenly in every direction? The answer is: avoid straight, parallel walls. Karen? Student But I think I’ve seen photos of rectangular concert halls. Professor Right. Older concert halls from the 1800s are generally rectangular. But they all have a lot of decorations on the walls inside, lots of ornamental plasterwork like statues, which distribute sound very efficiently, reflecting it in all different directions. And that brings me to another variable we need to consider. The acoustic characteristics of the building materials as well as the wall and floor coverings. In fact, most objects you see in a concert hall or theater serve double duty. The plush chairs absorb sound and soften reverberation. And the beautiful crystal Chandeliers? They are very good at diffusing sound. You see, everything must be planned down to the last detail in order to predict the acoustic performance of a room. That being said, there’s something that can’t be controlled by the architect. The audience has an effect on acoustics too. The heads of people are good diffusers of sound. And Architects try to account for this effect in their design, but they can’t guarantee a full auditorium.

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