『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/【学术讲座】#34听力练习，【学术讲座】#34原文答案解析，【学术讲座】#34听力原文练习音频翻译。

托福TPO/【学术讲座】#34听力原答案解析-音频翻译【新东方在线】

男：正强化是心理学和行为训练中一个强有力的概念。

Man: Positive reinforcement is a powerful concept in psychology and behavior training.

它指的是在你希望对方重复的行为之后，给予某种奖励。

It means giving a reward after someone performs an action you want them to do again.

其基本理念是：当某种行为带来积极结果时，该行为就更有可能被重复。

The basic idea is that when a behavior leads to a positive outcome, it's more likely to be repeated.

换句话说，我们倾向于重复那些能给我们带来积极结果的行动。

In other words, we tend to repeat actions that bring us something positive.

这一原则既适用于人类，也适用于动物，但其作用方式可能有所不同。

This principle applies to both humans and animals, but the way it works can differ.

动物需要在做出期望行为后立即获得奖励。

Animals need to receive rewards immediately after the desired behavior.

例如，如果一只狗坐下后马上得到零食，它就会明白坐下会带来好处。如果奖励来得太晚，这种关联就会消失。

For example, if a dog sits and gets a treat right away, it learns that sitting leads to something good. If the reward comes too late, the connection is lost.

然而，人类能够理解延迟的奖励。

Humans, however, can understand delayed rewards.

他们今天努力学习，可能是因为瞄准了未来的目标，比如获得学位；或者他们可能会被表扬所激励，即使这种奖励不是实实在在的或即时的。

They might work hard today because they're aiming for a future goal, like earning a degree, or they might feel motivated by praise, even if the reward isn't tangible or instant.

奖励的使用必须谨慎。如果父母为了让孩子停止哭闹而给他糖果，孩子可能会明白哭闹能得到奖励。

The rewards must be used carefully. If a parent gives a child candy to stop whining, the child may learn that whining gets rewarded.

这就像给杂草浇水而不是给鲜花浇水——你在鼓励错误的行为。

It's like watering weeds instead of flowers — you're encouraging the wrong behavior.

而且，如果奖励过于频繁，可能会削弱一个人的内在动机，使他们更依赖外部激励来采取行动。

And if rewards are given too frequently, they can reduce a person's internal motivation, making them rely more on external incentives to take action.

因此，虽然正强化很有效，但只有在经过深思熟虑、带着明确意图去使用时，才能发挥最佳效果。

So while positive reinforcement is effective, it works best when applied thoughtfully and with clear intent.

What is the key assumption behind positive reinforcement?

What point does the speaker make about animal training?

Why does the speaker mention watering weeds?

Listen to a talk in a psychology class.<br />Man: Positive reinforcement is a powerful concept in psychology and behavior training. It means giving a reward after someone performs an action you want them to do again.The basic idea is that when a behavior leads to a positive outcome, it's more likely to be repeated. In other words, we tend to repeat actions that bring us something positive. This principle applies to both humans and animals, but the way it works can differ. Animals need to receive rewards immediately after the desired behavior. For example, if a dog sits and gets a treat right away, it learns that sitting leads to something good. If the reward comes too late, the connection is lost. Humans, however, can understand delayed rewards. They might work hard today because they're aiming for a future goal, like earning a degree, or they might feel motivated by praise, even if the reward isn't tangible or instant. The rewards must be used carefully. If a parent gives a child candy to stop whining, the child may learn that whining gets rewarded. It's like watering weeds instead of flowers, you're encouraging the wrong behavior. And if rewards are given too frequently, they can reduce a person's internal motivation, making them rely more on external incentives to take action. So while positive reinforcement is effective, it works best when applied thoughtfully and with clear intent.

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