『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/【学术讲座】#48听力练习，【学术讲座】#48原文答案解析，【学术讲座】#48听力原文练习音频翻译。

托福TPO/【学术讲座】#48听力原答案解析-音频翻译【新东方在线】

Listen to a talk in an archaeology class.

男：几十年来，考古学家一直认为，复杂社会以及标志它们的纪念性建筑（即大型建筑物）只在农业出现之后才产生，并且耕种对于社会发展是必不可少的。

Man: For decades, archaeologists believed that complex societies and the monumental architecture, the large buildings signifying them, only emerged after agriculture, and that farming was essential for societal development.

毕竟，在农业发展之前，人们往往不在一个地方定居，而是为了寻找食物而四处迁移。

After all, before agriculture developed, people tended not to settle in a single place, but moved from place to place in search of food.

我们称这些人为游牧的狩猎采集者。

We call such people nomadic hunter gatherers.

他们不断地移动以狩猎和采集食物。

They were continuously on the move to hunt and collect food.

对于不定居的人来说，生活在小型的、可移动的群体中比生活在复杂社会中更实际。至少人们曾经是这样认为的。

And for people who aren't settled, it was more practical to live in small mobile groups rather than in complex societies. Or so it was believed.

但哥贝克力石阵古代遗址的发掘却打乱了整个说法。

But the excavation of the ancient site of Gobekli Tepe threw a wrench in this whole story.

哥贝克力石阵可追溯至约11000年前，由多个排列成环形的巨大石柱组成，被认为是世界上最古老的已知神庙。

Gobekli Tepe, dating back about 11,000 years, consists of multiple massive pillars arranged in circles and is considered the world's oldest known temple.

值得注意的是，它比该地区最早的农业证据还早了几千年。

Remarkably, it predates the earliest evidence of agriculture in the area by several thousand years.

这表明，可能是精神活动而非农业促使了早期社群的形成。

This suggests spiritual practices, not agriculture, may have caused early communities to form.

许多学者将该遗址解读为一个仪式中心，是游牧狩猎采集者定期聚集的场所。

Many scholars interpret the site as a ceremonial center, a periodic gathering place for nomadic hunter gatherers. 

最近，考古学家确实在那里发现了食物加工区、磨谷物的石制工具以及实际植物残留物等痕迹。

More recently, archaeologists there did find traces of things like food processing areas, stone tools for grinding grains, as well as actual plant residues

不过，这些残留物来自当地的野生谷物，而非驯化的作物，而且这些建筑结构可能并不表示全年居住。

Yet these residues come from local wild grains, not domesticated crops, and the structures may not indicate year-round habitation.

因此，尽管哥贝克力石阵可能只是临时聚会的地点，但证据仍然支持这样一种观点：精神活动在早期社会发展中发挥了核心作用。

So while Gobekli Tepe might have hosted temporary gatherings, the evidence still supports the idea that spiritual practices played a central role in early societal development.

What traditional view did the excavations at Göbekli Tepe challenge?

What does the speaker point out about nomadic people?

What does the speaker say about the plant remains found at Göbekli Tepe?

According to the speaker, what do scholars still consider likely about Göbekli Tepe’s function?

Listen to a talk in an archaeology class.<br />Man: For decades, archaeologists believed that complex societies and the monumental architecture, the large buildings signifying them, only emerged after agriculture, and that farming was essential for societal development.<br />After all, before agriculture developed, people tended not to settle in a single place, but moved from place to place in search of food. We call such people nomadic hunter gatherers. They were continuously on the move to hunt and collect food. And for people who aren't settled, it was more practical to live in small mobile groups rather than in complex societies. Or so it was believed.<br />But the excavation of the ancient site of Gobekli Tepe through a wrench in this whole story. Gobekli Tepe, dating back about 11,000 years, consists of multiple massive pillars arranged in circles and is considered the world's oldest known temple. Remarkably, it predates the earliest evidence of agriculture in the area by several thousand years.<br />This suggests spiritual practices, not agriculture, may have caused early communities to form. Many scholars interpret the site as a ceremonial center, a periodic gathering place for nomadic hunter gatherers. More recently, archaeologists there did find traces of things like food processing areas, stone tools for grinding grains, as well as actual plant residues. Yet these residues come from local wild grains, not domesticated crops, and the structures may not indicate year round habitation. So while Gobekli Tepe might have hosted temporary gatherings, the evidence still supports the idea that spiritual practices played a central role in early societal development.

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