『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/【学术讲座】#55听力练习，【学术讲座】#55原文答案解析，【学术讲座】#55听力原文练习音频翻译。

托福TPO/【学术讲座】#55听力原答案解析-音频翻译【新东方在线】

Listen to a talk in an anthropology class.

女：在其历史的大部分时间里，人类学这一研究文化的科学领域都将人类置于中心位置，其方式如今看来往往显得狭隘且具有局限性。

W: For most of its history, the scientific field of anthropology, the study of culture, put humans at the centre, often in ways that now seem narrow and limiting.

动物被视为资源、象征或仅仅是背景，其重要性仅在于它们对我们意味着什么。

Animals were treated as resources, symbols, or mere background, important only for what they meant to us.

经典人类学关注人们如何狩猎、放牧或将动物神话化，从而强化了一种鲜明的分野。

Classic anthropology focused on how people hunted, herded, or mythologized animals, reinforcing a sharp divide.

人类属于文化，动物属于自然。

Humans belonged to culture, animals to nature.

例如，早期对北极狩猎仪式的研究考察了海豹如何象征精神信仰和社会纽带，却没有探究海豹自身的行为或生态角色。

For example, early studies of Arctic hunting rituals examined how seals symbolized spiritual beliefs and social bonds without asking about the seal's own behaviors or ecological roles.

这种方法让我们洞察了人类意义的构建，但它忽略了物种间关系的复杂性。

This approach gave us insight into human meaning making, but it overlooked the complexity of interspecies relationships.

多物种人类学颠覆了这种视角。

Multi-species anthropology flips that perspective.

它将人类和其他物种——动物、植物、甚至真菌——视为共同世界中的共同参与者。

It sees humans and other species, animals, plants, even fungi, as co-participants in shared worlds.

它不再将非人类动物简化为文化象征，而是强调它们的能动性——即它们行动、适应和影响人类生活的能力。

Instead of reducing non-humans to cultural symbols, it highlights their agency, their ability to act, adapt, and influence human lives.

以西伯利亚的蘑菇采集研究为例。

Take the studies of mushroom foraging in Siberia.

在这里，真菌、树木和人类形成了相互依存的网络。

Here, fungi, trees, and humans form interdependent networks.

松茸的生长依赖于并反映了森林的健康状况和人类的采集方式，而采集方式和森林健康状况又反过来受到蘑菇本身的影响。

The growth of matsutake mushrooms depends on and reflects forest health and human harvesting practices, even as harvesting practices and forest health are influenced by the mushrooms themselves.

关键是，生命并非一个以动物或植物为背景的人类故事。

The point is, life isn't a human story with animals or plants in the background.

它是一个由多种生物之间关系构成的网络。

It's a web of relationships among many kinds of beings.

接下来，我将探讨这种多物种视角如何重塑研究方法，以及研究不仅仅是人类文化、而是人类与其他生物纠缠在一起的生命意味着什么。

Next I'll explore how this multi-species perspective reshapes research methods, what it means to study not just human cultures, but the entangled lives of humans and other beings.

What does the speaker imply about a study related to seals?

What point does the speaker make about studies of mushroom foragers in Siberia?

Listen to a talk in an anthropology class. W: For most of its history, the scientific field of anthropology, the study of culture, put humans at the centre, often in ways that now seem narrow and limiting. Animals were treated as resources, symbols, or mere background, important only for what they meant to us. Classic anthropology focused on how people hunted, herded, or mythologized animals, reinforcing a sharp divide. Humans belonged to culture, animals to nature. For example, early studies of Arctic hunting rituals examined how seals symbolized spiritual beliefs and social bonds without asking about the seal's own behaviors or ecological roles. This approach gave us insight into human meaning making, but it overlooked the complexity of interspecies relationships. Multi-species anthropology flips that perspective. It sees humans and other species, animals, plants, even fungi, as co-participants in shared worlds. Instead of reducing non-humans to cultural symbols, it highlights their agency, their ability to act, adapt, and influence human lives. Take the studies of mushroom foraging in Siberia. Here, fungi, trees, and humans form interdependent networks. The growth of matsutake mushrooms depends on and reflects forest health and human harvesting practices, even as harvesting practices and forest health are influenced by the mushrooms themselves. The point is, life isn't a human story with animals or plants in the background. It's a web of relationships among many kinds of beings. Next I'll explore how this multi species perspective reshapes research methods, what it means to study not just human cultures, but the entangled lives of humans and other beings.

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