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Official 32 Passage 2
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Question 9 of 10

Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

And yet, how is it that the peasants were able to choose to expand their economic activity in response to the market opportunities?

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

正确答案:A

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译文

Siam, 1851-1910

暹罗,1851-1910 取消收藏 收藏句子
暹罗,1851-1910

In the late nineteenth century, political and social changes were occurring rapidly in Siam (now Thailand). 十九世纪末,暹罗(今泰国)的政治和社会变革正迅速发生。 取消收藏 收藏句子 The old ruling families were being displaced by an evolving centralized government. 不断演变的中央集权政府正在取代旧的统治家族。 取消收藏 收藏句子 These families were pensioned off (given a sum of money to live on) or simply had their revenues taken away or restricted; their sons were enticed away to schools for district officers, later to be posted in some faraway province; and the old patron-client relations that had bound together local societies simply disintegrated. 这些家庭要么领了养老金(给了一笔钱生活),要么收入被剥夺或受到限制;他们的儿子被引诱到地方官员学校上学,后来被派往某个遥远的省份;将当地社会联系在一起的旧的赞助人-客户关系直接解体了。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Local rulers could no longer protect their relatives and attendants in legal cases, and with the ending in 1905 of the practice of forcing peasant farmers to work part-time for local rulers, the rulers no longer had a regular base for relations with rural populations. 地方统治者在法律案件中不能再保护他们的亲属和随从,随着1905年强迫农民为地方统治者做兼职的做法的结束,统治者不再与农村人口有固定的关系基础。 取消收藏 收藏句子 The old local ruling families, then, were severed from their traditional social context. 于是,旧的地方统治家族就脱离了传统的社会背景。 取消收藏 收藏句子 十九世纪末,暹罗(今泰国)的政治和社会变革正迅速发生。不断演变的中央集权政府正在取代旧的统治家族。这些家庭要么领了养老金(给了一笔钱生活),要么收入被剥夺或受到限制;他们的儿子被引诱到地方官员学校上学,后来被派往某个遥远的省份;将当地社会联系在一起的旧的赞助人-客户关系直接解体了。地方统治者在法律案件中不能再保护他们的亲属和随从,随着1905年强迫农民为地方统治者做兼职的做法的结束,统治者不再与农村人口有固定的关系基础。于是,旧的地方统治家族就脱离了传统的社会背景。

The same situation viewed from the perspective of the rural population is even more complex. 从农村人口的角度来看,同样的情况更加复杂。 取消收藏 收藏句子 According to the government’s first census of the rural population, taken in 1905, there were about thirty thousand villages in Siam. 根据政府在1905年进行的第一次农村人口普查,暹罗大约有3万个村庄。 取消收藏 收藏句子 This was probably a large increase over the figure even two or three decades earlier, during the late 1800s. 这可能比20或30年前的19世纪末的数字有了很大的增长。 取消收藏 收藏句子 It is difficult to imagine it now, but Siam’s Central Plain in the late 1800s was nowhere near as densely settled as it is today. 现在很难想象,但暹罗在19世纪末的中原地区远没有今天这样人口稠密。 取消收藏 收藏句子 There were still forests closely surrounding Bangkok into the last half of the nineteenth century, and even at century’s end there were wild elephants and tigers roaming the countryside only twenty or thirty miles away. 直到19世纪下半叶,曼谷周围仍然被森林包围着,即使在世纪末,这里也有野生大象和老虎在距离仅二三十英里外的乡间漫步。 取消收藏 收藏句子 从农村人口的角度来看,同样的情况更加复杂。根据政府在1905年进行的第一次农村人口普查,暹罗大约有3万个村庄。这可能比20或30年前的19世纪末的数字有了很大的增长。现在很难想象,但暹罗在19世纪末的中原地区远没有今天这样人口稠密。直到19世纪下半叶,曼谷周围仍然被森林包围着,即使在世纪末,这里也有野生大象和老虎在距离仅二三十英里外的乡间漫步。

Much population movement involved the opening up of new lands for rice cultivation. 许多人口流动涉及开辟新的水稻种植地。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Two things made this possible and encouraged it to happen. 有两件事使这成为可能,并促进它发生。 取消收藏 收藏句子 First, the opening of the kingdom to the full force of international trade by the Bowring Treaty (1855) rapidly encouraged economic specialization in the growing of rice, mainly to feed the rice-deficient portions of Asia (India and China in particular). 首先,《鲍林条约》(1855年)使王国全面开放国际贸易,从而迅速促进了水稻种植的经济专业化,主要是为亚洲(特别是印度和中国)缺米的地区提供粮食。 取消收藏 收藏句子 The average annual volume of rice exported from Siam grew from under 60 million kilograms per year in the late 1850s to more than 660 million kilograms per year at the turn of the century; and over the same period the average price per kilogram doubled. 暹罗的大米年平均出口量从19世纪50年代末的每年不到6000万公斤增加到世纪之交的6.6亿公斤以上,同期每公斤平均价格翻了一番。 取消收藏 收藏句子 During the same period, the area planted in rice increased from about 230,000 acres to more than 350,000 acres. 在同一时期,水稻种植面积从大约23万英亩增加到超过35万英亩。 取消收藏 收藏句子 This growth was achieved as the result of the collective decisions of thousands of peasant families to expand the amount of land they cultivated, clear and plant new land, or adopt more intensive methods of agriculture. 数以千计的农民家庭集体决定扩大耕地、清理和种植新的土地,或者采取更集约化的农业方式,这一切使得这种增长得以实现。 取消收藏 收藏句子 许多人口流动涉及开辟新的水稻种植地。有两件事使这成为可能,并促进它发生。首先,《鲍林条约》(1855年)使王国全面开放国际贸易,从而迅速促进了水稻种植的经济专业化,主要是为亚洲(特别是印度和中国)缺米的地区提供粮食。暹罗的大米年平均出口量从19世纪50年代末的每年不到6000万公斤增加到世纪之交的6.6亿公斤以上,同期每公斤平均价格翻了一番。在同一时期,水稻种植面积从大约23万英亩增加到超过35万英亩。数以千计的农民家庭集体决定扩大耕地、清理和种植新的土地,或者采取更集约化的农业方式,这一切使得这种增长得以实现。

[■] They were able to do so because of our second consideration. 农民们能够这样做还有第二个原因。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] They were relatively freer than they had been half a century earlier. 与半个世纪前相比,他们相对更自由了。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] Over the course of the Fifth Reign (1868–1910), the ties that bound rural people to the aristocracy and local ruling elites were greatly reduced. 在第五次统治期间(1868-1910年),将农村人民与贵族和地方统治精英联系在一起的纽带大大减少了。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Peasants now paid a tax on individuals instead of being required to render labor service to the government. 农民现在以个人身份缴税,而不是被要求向政府提供劳务。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] Under these conditions, it made good sense to thousands of peasant families to in effect work full-time at what they had been able to do only part-time previously because of the requirement to work for the government: grow rice for the marketplace. 在这种情况下,对于数以千计的农民家庭来说,实际上全职工作是很有意义的,因为他们以前只能做兼职工作,他们必须为政府工作:为市场种植水稻。 取消收藏 收藏句子 农民们能够这样做还有第二个原因。与半个世纪前相比,他们相对更自由了。在第五次统治期间(1868-1910年),将农村人民与贵族和地方统治精英联系在一起的纽带大大减少了。农民现在以个人身份缴税,而不是被要求向政府提供劳务。在这种情况下,对于数以千计的农民家庭来说,实际上全职工作是很有意义的,因为他们以前只能做兼职工作,他们必须为政府工作:为市场种植水稻。

Numerous changes accompanied these developments. 伴随着这些发展而来的是无数的变化。 取消收藏 收藏句子 The rural population both dispersed and grew, and was probably less homogeneous and more mobile than it had been a generation earlier. 农村人口既分散又增长,与上一代人相比,可能不那么同质化,流动性更强。 取消收藏 收藏句子 The villages became more vulnerable to arbitrary treatment by government bureaucrats as local elites now had less control over them. 这些村庄变得更容易受到政府官僚的专断对待,因为当地精英现在对它们的控制较少。 取消收藏 收藏句子 By the early twentieth century, as government modernization in a sense caught up with what had been happening in the countryside since the 1870s, the government bureaucracy intruded more and more into village life. 到20世纪初,随着某种程度上政府的现代化赶上了自1870年代以来农村的发展,政府官僚主义越来越多地介入乡村生活。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Provincial police began to appear, along with district officers and cattle registration and land deeds and registration for compulsory military service. 省级警察开始出现,还有地区官员和牲畜登记以及土地契约和义务兵役登记也一同出现。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Village handicrafts diminished or died out completely as people bought imported consumer goods, like cloth and tools, instead of making them themselves. 由于人们购买进口消费品,如布料和工具,而不是自己制作,乡村手工艺品逐渐减少或完全消失。 取消收藏 收藏句子 More economic variation took shape in rural villages, as some grew prosperous from farming while others did not. 更多的经济差异在农村形成,一些人靠务农致富,而另一些人则没有。 取消收藏 收藏句子 As well as can be measured, rural standards of living improved in the Fifth Reign. 可以衡量的是,农村的生活水平在第五个统治时期得到了改善。 取消收藏 收藏句子 But the statistical averages mean little when measured against the harsh realities of peasant life. 但是,与农民生活的严酷现实相比,统计上的平均值的意义不大。 取消收藏 收藏句子 伴随着这些发展而来的是无数的变化。农村人口既分散又增长,与上一代人相比,可能不那么同质化,流动性更强。这些村庄变得更容易受到政府官僚的专断对待,因为当地精英现在对它们的控制较少。到20世纪初,随着某种程度上政府的现代化赶上了自1870年代以来农村的发展,政府官僚主义越来越多地介入乡村生活。省级警察开始出现,还有地区官员和牲畜登记以及土地契约和义务兵役登记也一同出现。由于人们购买进口消费品,如布料和工具,而不是自己制作,乡村手工艺品逐渐减少或完全消失。更多的经济差异在农村形成,一些人靠务农致富,而另一些人则没有。可以衡量的是,农村的生活水平在第五个统治时期得到了改善。但是,与农民生活的严酷现实相比,统计上的平均值的意义不大。

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