According to paragraph 1, why has the extinction of species been a concern for conservation biologists?
A.
When ecosystems lose just one species, they undergo permanent change.
B.
The extinction of a particular predator species could cause an overpopulation of certain prey species.
C.
The loss of one or more species could cause the decline of a whole ecosystem.
D.
The extinction of a single species is evidence that plant-food sources are in danger of disappearing.
正确答案:C
译文
Conservation biologists have long been concerned that species extinction could have significant consequences for the stability of entire ecosystems—groups of interacting organisms and the physical environment that they inhabit. 保护生物学家长期以来一直担心,物种灭绝可能对整个生态系统(相互作用的生物群体及其栖息的物理环境)的稳定性产生重大影响。 取消收藏 收藏句子 An ecosystem could survive the loss of some species, but if enough species were lost, the ecosystem would be severely degraded. 一个生态系统可以在某些物种消失后继续存在,但是如果足够多的物种消失,生态系统将会严重退化。 取消收藏 收藏句子 In fact, it is possible that the loss of a single important species could start a cascade of extinctions that might dramatically change an entire ecosystem. 事实上,一个重要物种的消失可能会引发一连串的物种灭绝,这可能会极大地改变整个生态系统。 取消收藏 收藏句子 A good illustration of this occurred after sea otters were eliminated from some Pacific kelp (seaweed) bed ecosystems: the kelp beds were practically obliterated too because in the absence of sea otter predation, sea urchin populations exploded and consumed most of the kelp and other macroalgae. 一个很好的例子是,海獭从一些太平洋海带(海藻)床生态系统中被消灭后:海带床实际上也被毁掉了,因为在没有海獭捕食的情况下,海胆数量激增,吃掉了大部分的海带和其他大型藻类。 取消收藏 收藏句子 保护生物学家长期以来一直担心,物种灭绝可能对整个生态系统(相互作用的生物群体及其栖息的物理环境)的稳定性产生重大影响。一个生态系统可以在某些物种消失后继续存在,但是如果足够多的物种消失,生态系统将会严重退化。事实上,一个重要物种的消失可能会引发一连串的物种灭绝,这可能会极大地改变整个生态系统。一个很好的例子是,海獭从一些太平洋海带(海藻)床生态系统中被消灭后:海带床实际上也被毁掉了,因为在没有海獭捕食的情况下,海胆数量激增,吃掉了大部分的海带和其他大型藻类。
It is usually claimed that species-rich ecosystems tend to be more stable than species-poor ecosystems. 人们通常认为物种丰富的生态系统比物种贫乏的生态系统更稳定。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Three mechanisms by which higher diversity increases ecosystem stability have been proposed. 提出了三种关于更高多样性提升生态稳定性的机制。 取消收藏 收藏句子 First, if there are more species in an ecosystem, then its food web will be more complex, with greater redundancy among species in terms of their nutritional roles. 首先,如果一个生态系统中有更多的物种,那么它的食物网就会更加复杂,物种之间的营养作用也会更加冗余。 取消收藏 收藏句子 In other words, in a rich system if a species is lost, there is a good chance that other species will take over its function as prey, predator, producer, decomposer, or whatever role it played. 换句话说,在一个丰富的系统中,如果一个物种消失了,其他物种很有可能会取代它作为猎物、捕食者、生产者、分解者或它所扮演的任何角色的功能。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Second, diverse ecosystems may be less likely to be invaded by new species, notably exotics (foreign species living outside their native range), that would disrupt the ecosystem’s structure and function. 其次,多样化的生态系统可能不太会受到新物种的入侵,尤其是外来物种(生活在其原生范围之外的外来物种),这将破坏生态系统的结构和功能。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Third, in a species-rich ecosystem, diseases may spread more slowly because most species will be relatively less abundant, thus increasing the average distance between individuals of the same species and hampering disease transmission among individuals. 第三,在一个物种丰富的生态系统中,疾病传播的速度可能会更慢,因为大多数物种的数量相对较少,从而增加了同一物种个体之间的平均距离,阻碍了疾病在个体之间的传播。 取消收藏 收藏句子 人们通常认为物种丰富的生态系统比物种贫乏的生态系统更稳定。提出了三种关于更高多样性提升生态稳定性的机制。首先,如果一个生态系统中有更多的物种,那么它的食物网就会更加复杂,物种之间的营养作用也会更加冗余。换句话说,在一个丰富的系统中,如果一个物种消失了,其他物种很有可能会取代它作为猎物、捕食者、生产者、分解者或它所扮演的任何角色的功能。其次,多样化的生态系统可能不太会受到新物种的入侵,尤其是外来物种(生活在其原生范围之外的外来物种),这将破坏生态系统的结构和功能。第三,在一个物种丰富的生态系统中,疾病传播的速度可能会更慢,因为大多数物种的数量相对较少,从而增加了同一物种个体之间的平均距离,阻碍了疾病在个体之间的传播。
Scientific evidence to illuminate these ideas has been slow in coming, and many shadows remain. 阐明这些想法的科学证据进展缓慢,许多问题依然存在。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] One of the first studies to provide data supporting a relationship between diversity and stability examined how grassland plants responded to a drought. 第一批为多样性和稳定性之间的关系提供数据支持的研究之一,考察了草原植物对干旱的反应。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] Researchers D. Tilman and J.A. Downing used the ratio of above-ground biomass in 1988 (after two years of drought) to that in 1986 (predrought) in 207 plots in a grassland field in the Cedar Creek Natural History Area in Minnesota as an index of ecosystem response to disruption by drought. 研究人员D·蒂尔曼(D·Tilman)和J·A·唐宁(J·A·Downing)在明尼苏达州雪松溪自然历史区一块草地的207个地块上,利用1988年(经过两年干旱)和1986年(干旱前)的地上生物量比例,作为生态系统对干旱破坏响应的指标。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] In an experiment that began in 1982, they compared these values with the number of plant species in each plot and discovered that the plots with a greater number of plant species experienced a less dramatic reduction in biomass. 在1982年开始的一项实验中,他们将这些数值与每个地块的植物物种数量进行了比较,发现植物物种数量较多的地块,生物量减少的幅度较小。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] Plots with more than ten species had about half as much biomass in 1988 as in 1986, whereas those with fewer than five species only produced roughly one-eighth as much biomass after the two-year drought. 1988年,超过10个物种生物量的地块大约是1986年的一半,而在两年的干旱之后,少于5个物种生物量的地块仅为1986年的八分之一左右。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Apparently, species-rich plots were likely to contain some drought-resistant plant species that grew better in drought years, compensating for the poor growth of less-tolerant species. 显然,物种丰富的地块可能含有一些抗旱植物物种,它们在干旱的年份生长得更好,弥补了那些不那么耐旱的物种生长不良的情况。 取消收藏 收藏句子 阐明这些想法的科学证据进展缓慢,许多问题依然存在。第一批为多样性和稳定性之间的关系提供数据支持的研究之一,考察了草原植物对干旱的反应。研究人员D·蒂尔曼(D·Tilman)和J·A·唐宁(J·A·Downing)在明尼苏达州雪松溪自然历史区一块草地的207个地块上,利用1988年(经过两年干旱)和1986年(干旱前)的地上生物量比例,作为生态系统对干旱破坏响应的指标。在1982年开始的一项实验中,他们将这些数值与每个地块的植物物种数量进行了比较,发现植物物种数量较多的地块,生物量减少的幅度较小。1988年,超过10个物种生物量的地块大约是1986年的一半,而在两年的干旱之后,少于5个物种生物量的地块仅为1986年的八分之一左右。显然,物种丰富的地块可能含有一些抗旱植物物种,它们在干旱的年份生长得更好,弥补了那些不那么耐旱的物种生长不良的情况。
To put this result in more general terms, a species-rich ecosystem may be more stable because it is more likely to have species with a wide array of responses to variable conditions such as droughts. 从更一般的角度来说,一个物种丰富的生态系统可能更稳定,因为它更有可能拥有对干旱等多变条件做出广泛反应的物种。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Furthermore, a species-rich ecosystem is more likely to have species with similar ecological functions, so that if a species is lost from an ecosystem, another species, probably a competitor, is likely to flourish and occupy its functional role. 此外,一个物种丰富的生态系统更有可能拥有具有类似生态功能的物种,因此,如果一个物种从生态系统中消失,另一个物种,可能是一个竞争对手,会蓬勃发展,并占据其功能角色。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Both of these, variability in responses and functional redundancy, could be thought of as insurance against disturbances. 反应的可变性和功能的多样性这两者,可以被认为是防止干扰的保障。 取消收藏 收藏句子 从更一般的角度来说,一个物种丰富的生态系统可能更稳定,因为它更有可能拥有对干旱等多变条件做出广泛反应的物种。此外,一个物种丰富的生态系统更有可能拥有具有类似生态功能的物种,因此,如果一个物种从生态系统中消失,另一个物种,可能是一个竞争对手,会蓬勃发展,并占据其功能角色。反应的可变性和功能的多样性这两者,可以被认为是防止干扰的保障。
The Minnesota grassland research has been widely accepted as strong evidence for the diversity-stability theory; however, its findings have been questioned, and similar studies on other ecosystems have not always found a positive relationship between diversity and stability. 明尼苏达草地研究被广泛认为是多样性-稳定性理论的有力证据;然而,它的发现受到了质疑,对其他生态系统的类似研究并不总是得出多样性和稳定性之间的正相关关系。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Clearly, this is a complex issue that requires further field research with a broad spectrum of ecosystems and species: grassland plants and computer models will only take us so far. 显然,这是一个复杂的问题,需要对广泛的生态系统和物种进行进一步的实地研究:草原植物和计算机模型只能带我们走这么远。 取消收藏 收藏句子 In the end, despite insightful attempts to detect some general patterns, we may find it very difficult to reduce this topic to a simple, universal truth. 最后,尽管我们试图发现一些普遍模式,但我们可能会发现很难将这个话题归结为一个简单的、普遍的真理。 取消收藏 收藏句子 明尼苏达草地研究被广泛认为是多样性-稳定性理论的有力证据;然而,它的发现受到了质疑,对其他生态系统的类似研究并不总是得出多样性和稳定性之间的正相关关系。显然,这是一个复杂的问题,需要对广泛的生态系统和物种进行进一步的实地研究:草原植物和计算机模型只能带我们走这么远。最后,尽管我们试图发现一些普遍模式,但我们可能会发现很难将这个话题归结为一个简单的、普遍的真理。