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Official 1 Task 4

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Narrator: Now listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class.

The professor is discussing the mathematical capabilities of babies.

Professor: Scientists have learned some interesting things about the intellectual abilities of babies.

They say there's evidence that babies as young as five months old can do basic arithmetic-- that they can add.

Scientists think babies know that one plus one equals two, and not one.

The evidence is indirect because obviously you can't ask a five-month-old baby to add up some numbers for you.

So they devised an experiment, where in this experiment,

a baby is shown a doll on a table.

Okay, so the baby looks at the doll.

Then the researcher lowers a screen in front of the doll, so now the doll is hidden behind the screen.

But the baby has already seen the doll and so knows it's there.

Well, then the researcher takes a second doll and very obviously places it behind the screen with the first one.

OK, so now you have two dolls behind the screen, right?

Well, no,

because what the researchers did was they secretly took away one of the dolls,

and then when they raise the screen back up, the baby,

well, it expects to see two dolls, right?

But there's only one there. And guess what? The baby's surprised.

It expects two, but it only sees one.

How could the researchers tell that the baby's surprised?

Well, they recorded the baby's eye movements on camera.

And we know that when a baby is surprised by something,

a loud noise or an unexpected flash of light maybe,

it stares at where the noise or light is coming from.

And that's what the babies in the experiment did.

They stared, because a baby knows that if you add one doll and one doll,

you should have two dolls.

So, when it sees one doll,

then it stares because it's surprised.

Question

Using the research described by the professor, explain what scientists have learned about the mathematical abilities of babies.

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