『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 60 Lec1听力练习：What does the professor mainly discuss?原文题目答案解析，TPO/Official 60 Lec1听力原文范文音频翻译。

托福TPO/Official 60 Lec1听力原文What does the professor mainly discuss?【新东方在线】

旁白：听一段艺术史课的讲座。

Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.

教授：大家都知道，如今的艺术家可以选择各种各样的绘画材料，包括水彩、丙烯颜料，更不用说那些专门为几乎任何你想画的表面配制的特殊颜料了。

Professor:As you know, artists today can choose from an enormous selection of media, including watercolors, acrylic paints, not to mention special paints formulated for almost any surface you might wanna paint on.

但即便如此，油画颜料仍然是大多数专业艺术家和业余爱好者的首选材料

But even so, oil paints are still the medium of choice among most professional artists and hobbyists.

首先，油画颜料极其多用途，适合各种不同的绘画风格、不同的题材以及不同尺寸的作品。

Well, for one thing, oil paint's extremely versatile, suitable for many different painting styles, different subjects, and different sizes of work.

另一个优势是，它们使用起来很方便，即使是初学者也能轻松驾驭，可以对其进行调整。

Another advantage is that they're easy to use, even for beginners, They can be manipulated.

你可以将油画颜料涂在画布上，由于它们不会立即干燥，所以可以刮掉再重新绘制。

You can apply oil paint to a canvas. And then because they don't dry right away, they can be scraped off and painted over.

因此，每次修改时都不必浪费昂贵的材料。

So you don't have to waste expensive material every time you make a change.

与丙烯颜料不同，一旦应用就很难改动，因为它们干得非常快。

Unlike acrylic paint, which really can't be moved once it's applied, acrylic paints dry very quickly.

所以一般来说，使用丙烯颜料时，修改起来更困难。

So in general, when using them, it's more difficult to make changes.

至于水彩，你几乎无法在上面覆盖错误，因为这会大大削弱颜色的鲜亮。

And with water colors, you can't really paint over a mistake, because it really diminishes the freshness of the colors

因此，对于很多画家来说，油彩是他们的首选媒介，至少在现在是这样。

So oil paint is the medium of choice for many painters, nowadays, anyway.

从艺术史的角度来看，油画颜料其实使用时间并不长。

In terms of art history, oil paint's actually pretty young.

在欧洲，在油画颜料出现之前，画家们大多使用蛋彩颜料。

In Europe before the invention, rather the development of oil paint, painters mostly used tempera.

你可能难以置信，蛋彩颜料是用蛋黄制成的。蛋黄起到了粘合剂的作用。粘合剂能使颜料附着在画布上。

Tempera was made with egg yolk, believe it or not. The yoke acted as a binder. A binder enables the color pigment to stick to your canvas.

不，蛋彩颜料并不总是黄色的。如果你这么想的话。

And no, Tempera wasn't always yellow. If that's what you're thinking.

艺术家们通过将蛋黄与颜色色素（比如粉末状的铁或铜）混合来制作自己的颜料。

Artists made their own paint by mixing egg yolk with a color pigment like powdered iron or copper.

但它干得很快，几乎没有留给错误或修改的空间。你真的必须一次就做对。

But it dried very fast, which left little room for error or change. You really had to get it right the first time.

然后，在15世纪初期，一位名叫扬·凡·艾克的佛兰德斯画家开始尝试新的方法。

Then, in the early 15th century, a Flemish painter named Jan van Eyck started experimenting.

在他的一幅画作中的蛋彩画部分因阳光照射而开裂后，他决定尝试制作一种能避免这种情况的颜料。

Uh, after the tempera in one of van Eyck's paintings cracked while drawing in the Sun, he decided to try to make a paint that would avoid this fate.

于是他试用了油混合物。实际上，在他之前也有其他画家尝试过用油作为粘合剂。

So he tried an oil mixture. Actually, other painters before him had tried using oils as a binder.

所以，虽然范·艾克被认为发明了油画颜料，但这并不完全正确。

So while van Eyck credited with inventing oil paint, it's not entirely true.

在希腊和意大利，橄榄油曾被用来配制颜料混合物，但这种颜料干得非常慢，与蛋彩颜料完全相反。

In Greece and Italy, olive oil had been used to prepare pigment mixtures, but the paint took a really long time to dry, just the opposite of tempera.

但范·艾克的油画颜料有一个秘密配方。他使用了亚麻籽油。

But van Eyck had a secret recipe for his oil paint. He used linseed oil.

这种颜料不仅不会开裂，范·艾克还发现它可以被涂成非常薄的层次。

Not only did this paint dry without cracking, van Eyck also discovered that it could be applied in very thin layers.

这种技术赋予了颜色前所未有的深度，同样重要的是，亚麻籽油实际上增强了颜色的亮度。

This technique gave the colors of depth that was previously unknown. And just as important, the linseed oil actually increased the brilliance of the color.

因此，油彩混合物在艺术家之间变得非常流行。

So as a result, pigment oil mixtures became very popular among artists.

有些人试图通过开发自己的配方来改进颜料，例如使用核桃油，或者烹饪他们的油混合物。

Some tried to improve the paint by developing their own recipes, like by using walnut oil, for instance, or by cooking their oil mixtures.

但是，很大一部分人开始使用某种油作为他们的粘合剂。

But a great many began using some sort of oil as their binder.

现在，有了这些混合物的实验，艺术家们花了很长时间才习惯使用这些新的油画颜料，真正掌握如何将它们运用到最佳效果。

Now with all this experimentation with mixtures, well, it took a long time for artists to get comfortable with using these new oil paints to get a true feeling for how to apply them to the best effect.

早期像凡·艾克这样的油画家，将颜料以细腻的笔触层层涂抹，几乎看不到笔触痕迹。

The early painters in oil, like van Eyck, lay the paint down in thin layers with brush strokes that were so delicate that they're practically invisible.

直到16世纪末和17世纪，油画颜料的全部潜力才被完全发挥出来。

And it really wasn't until the end of the 16th century and in the 17th century that the full potential of oil paint was realized.

例如，那时艺术家们终于开始将细腻的绘画区域与厚重的笔触相结合。

For example, that's when artists finally began to combine delicately painted areas with thick brush strokes.

所以你可以看到画笔的痕迹。将粗糙与平滑相结合，赋予了油画巨大的质感深度。

So you could actually see the marks of the brush. Combining the rough and the smooth gives oil paintings great textural depth.

当然，习惯了看平滑表面的公众实际上抱怨这些画看起来没有完成。

Of course the public who are used to smooth surfaces actually complained that these paintings looked unfinished.

这种态度在后来的世纪中也有所延续，比如你可能熟悉画家梵高的作品。

And some of that attitude carried over into later centuries, like you're probably familiar with the work of the painter Vincent van Gogh.

梵高如今以他厚重旋转的笔触而闻名，但令人惊讶的是，他在19世纪的时候并不被赏识。

Van Gogh is famous nowadays for his thick swirling brush strokes, but amazingly enough, his work was not appreciated back in the 19th century.

And he sold just one painting during his lifetime.

当然，与他同时代的法国印象派画家获得了更多的公众赞誉，但他们使用了不同的技法。

Of course the French impressionists, who were his contemporaries, attained more popular acclaim, but they used a different technique.

他们用厚重的点染来表现光线对风景的影响。

They applied oil paint in thick dabs to depict the effects of light on the landscape.

What reasons does the professor give for the popularity of oil paint among modern artists？ (Click on 2 answers)

What property do tempera and acrylic paint have in common?

What are two points the professor makes about the painter Jan van Eyck?（Click on 2 answers)

Why does the professor talk about combining delicate brushstrokes with thick brushstrokes?

Why does the professor mention Vincent van Gogh?

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