『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 75 Lec1听力练习：What does the professor imply about the “material culture” of ancient societies?原文题目答案解析，TPO/Official 75 Lec1听力原文范文音频翻译。

托福TPO/Official 75 Lec1听力原文What does the professor imply about the “material culture” of ancient societies?【新东方在线】

旁白：听一段古代史课上的讲座。

Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in an ancient history class.

教授：好的，这就是你们下周的作业，到时候我们会完成关于苏美尔人的单元学习。

Professor: Okay, so that's your assignment for next week when we'll be finishing up our unit on the Sumerians.

而且，嗯，我们马上就要讲到关于《汉谟拉比法典》的阅读材料了。

And, uh, we are going to get to that reading on the Harabi code in just a minute.

但首先我想劝你们报名参加艺术系组织的博物馆参观活动。

But first I wanna urge you to sign up for the museum trip the art department is organizing.

这是一个绝佳的机会，可以看到我们将要读到的一些埃及艺术品。

It's a great opportunity to see some of the Egyptian art we'll be reading about.

事实上，你们课本里的很多照片都来自这个博物馆的藏品。

In fact, many of the photos in your textbook are from the museum's collection.

所以，嗯，要是可以的话，请允许我占用大家一点时间。我想谈谈那个藏品中我最喜欢的一件，

So, um, if I, if I can just ask you to indulge me for a moment. I wanna talk about one of my favorite pieces from that collection,

不仅因为它是一件美丽的雕塑，还因为它是一个很好的例子，能说明一件艺术品可以告诉我们很多关于创作它的社会的信息，

not just because it's a beautiful sculpture, but also because it's such a great example of how much a work of art can tell us about the society that produced it,

这对于研究古代文明来说尤为重要，因为古代文明的书面文献相对较少，而我们所说的一个社会的物质文化就显得很关键。

which is especially important for studying ancient civilizations where there are relatively few written documents and, uh, what we call the material culture of a society.

考古学家发现的实物是一种主要的证据，在某些情况下，甚至是唯一的证据，

The physical objects, archeologists uncover is a major type of evidence, and in some cases, the only type,

这一点在你们参观其他古代艺术品收藏时要记住，我希望你们能去看看。好吗？

something to keep in mind when you tour other ancient art collections, which I hope you'll do. Okay?

所以，嗯，在我给你们看这张幻灯片之前，我需要先跳到埃及历史上一个被称为“新王国”的时期。

So, uh, before I show you this slide, I need to fast forward to a period in Egyptian history known as The New Kingdom.

哦，嗯，那大约是3000到3500年前，也就是吉萨大金字塔建成大约一千年之后。

Oh, uh, that's about 3000 to 3,500 years ago, about, about a thousand years after the Great Pyramids were built at Giza.

不过现在不用操心这些日期。接下来几周我们都会讲到这些。不管怎样，我要给你们看的是哈特谢普苏特女王的这座令人惊叹的雕像，

But don't worry about the dates for now. We'll get to all of that in the coming weeks Anyway, what I'm going to show you is this amazing statue of Queen Hatshepsut,

我们之后会了解到，哈特谢普苏特是一系列强大法老中的一位，她让埃及与中东和非洲的其他地区建立了联系，

as we'll see later. Hatshepsut was one of a series of powerful pharaohs who brought Egypt in contact with other parts of the Middle East and Africa,

并助力新王国时期的埃及帝国将其政治和文化影响力扩展到了整个地中海地区。

and who helped make this new kingdom a period in which the Egyptian Empire spread its political and cultural influence throughout the Mediterranean.

现在，哈特谢普苏特并不是埃及的第一位女王。通常来说，女王是法老——也就是埃及国王的妻子，

Now, Hatshepsut was not the first queen in Egypt. Usually Queens were the wives of the pharaohs, the kings of Egypt,

国王，也就是男性，才是掌握权力的人。不过，当法老去世，而他的儿子还没到继位年龄时，

the kings, the men were the ones who had power. Although when a Pharaoh died and his son wasn't old enough to become King,

女王会担任他的保护者，也就是所谓的摄政王，代表年幼的继承人执政，等继承人长大后再独自掌权。

the Queen would act as his protector or so-called regent ruling on behalf of the young heir who would then rule alone when he was old enough.

哈特谢普苏特最初也是这样，在她丈夫去世后，她担任侄子图特摩斯三世的摄政王和保护者。

And that was true for he, Shep said at first she was regent protector for her nephew, Tut Moosa, thei third after the death of her husband.

但成为摄政王不久后，她做了一件相当了不起的事。她采用了法老的头衔，

But soon after becoming Regent, she did something quite remarkable. She adopted the title of Pharaoh,

这个头衔意味着对埃及拥有绝对权力，但在当时，这个头衔只有埃及的国王才使用过。

a title which meant absolute power over Egypt, but which was the title that only the kings of Egypt had used up to that time.

这意味着，即使在年幼的王子长大到可以执政，或者可以与哈特谢普苏特共同执政之后，

Now, this means that even after the young Prince was old enough to rule or share his reign with Hatshepsut,

她实际上还是以法老的身份执政，作为绝对君主行使权力，直到她去世，前后大约15年。

she did in fact rule as Pharaoh exercising her power as absolute monarch until she died for about oh 15 years.

所以，在男性主导的王室宫廷中，她能超越摄政王的角色，宣布自己为法老，这非常令人惊叹，

So this was pretty amazing in the male dominated royal court to move beyond the role of Regent to declare herself, Pharaoh,

她显然一定具备做出如此大胆举动的才能和技巧，因为她似乎获得了主要官员的支持。

she clearly must have had the talent and skills to make such a bold move because she seems to have gained the support of key officials.

好的，那么这位杰出的统治者长什么样呢？

Okay, so what did this remarkable ruler look like?

让我们看看这张幻灯片，看看她是如何展现自己的。

Let's take a look at this slide to see how she had herself represented.

现在，大多数情况下，埃及的雕像，尤其是国王、女王和摄政王等公众人物的雕像，都具有高度的程式化和象征性。

Now, for the most part, Egyptian statues, especially statues of public figures like kings, queens, and regents, are highly stylized and symbolic.

它们并非要展示某个人的真实样貌，而是要代表这个人所象征的意义。

They're not supposed to show what a particular person looked like. Rather they represented what the person stood for.

就法老而言，首要的是政治权力的象征，所以在这里我们看到哈特谢普苏特戴着一种独特的头巾，叫做“尼美斯”，这是王权的象征。

In the case of Pharaohs first and foremost, a symbol of political power, so that here we wearing the  see Hatshepsut's distinctive head cloth called the Nemes, a symbol of royal authority.

事实上，这可能看起来很眼熟，因为法老在雕像中总是戴着尼美斯头巾，而这也是符合实际的，因为法老在公共场合确实会戴这种头巾。

In fact, it probably looks familiar to you since Pharaohs were always represented wearing the Nemes, and this was actually accurate because Pharaohs did wear these head cloths in public.

法老雕像的另一个常见特征是仪式性的胡须，这就是你们在哈特谢普苏特下巴下方看到的东西。

Another feature common to Pharaoh's statues is the ceremonial beard, and that's what you see here under Hatshepsut's Chin.

关键是，她实际上并没有胡须，也没有人认为她有。

The point is, she didn't really have a beard, nor did anyone think she did.

但因为法老雕像有这样的胡须是传统，

But because it was the tradition for Pharaohs to appear with such a beard,

所以它就成了一种纯粹的仪式性装饰。这座雕像另一个有趣的地方是手部的姿势。

it became a purely ceremonial decoration. Another interesting thing about this statue is the position of the hands.

我们之后会讲到法老在埃及社会中的宗教角色，人们认为他们是埃及人民和他们的神灵之间的中介，

We'll be talking later about the religious role of Pharaohs in Egyptian society, they were believed to act as intermediary between the Egyptian people and their gods,

就像一种祭司或精神上的中间人。所以她的手并没有握着武器或任何代表军事或政治权力的东西，而是在强调这一角色。

like a type of priest or spiritual go-between. So her hands, rather than holding weapons or anything to represent military or political power, they emphasize this role.

What does the professor mainly discuss? Click on 2 answers.

What does the professor imply about the “material culture” of ancient societies?

What important distinction does the professor make between Hatshepsut and previous queens of Egypt?

What does the professor imply about the image of Hatshepsut wearing the nemes?

According to the professor, what does Hatshepsuf's hand gesture in the statue represent?

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