『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/【学术讲座】#13听力练习：What is the main topic of the talk?原文题目答案解析，TPO/【学术讲座】#13听力原文范文音频翻译。

托福TPO/【学术讲座】#13听力原文What is the main topic of the talk?【新东方在线】

What does the speaker imply about the rules of folk games?

Why does the speaker mention children's games?

What did authorities in some places attempt to do?

Listen to a teacher talking in a social studies class.Have you ever thought about the games that people played hundreds of years ago? In the Middle Ages, people often got together and competed in various folk games. They would form teams and kick around a ball or some round object. The objective of a folk game was most often to move the ball to some fixed point and score points. Sounds a lot like modem games, doesn’t it? But in actuality, folk games were much different !One big difference is that nowadays the rules of such games are written down. Each game has a specific clear set of rules that you can look up and consult when you’re not sure what to do. In the past, though, very few people who played these games could even read. So they simply memorized the rules and passed them down by tradition.Also, the teams that played in folk games were nothing like the carefully structured teams in today’s games. Today，each player has a specific role. Like in soccer, when one player’s job is to protect the goal, and others try to score. There's a lot of specialization in roles and positions. But in the past, folk games were played more like children play games today. Think about how kids usually play a game: they will often change positions or roles. This is more or less how teams were organized in the past.And another difference, nowadays, sports games are considered very positive activities. They keep you healthy and they teach teamwork. But folk games of the past were not regarded so positively. They were often played in the streets, and to a lot of people, they looked more like scary riots than sport events! The games were very rowdy and often ended in broken windows or other damage to property. In fact, folk games were considered so primitive that authorities in some places even tried to ban them completely. For example, in medieval England, authorities tried up to 30 times to stop such contests from being organized. But it didn't work. People continued to play these games in the streets for hundreds of years.

Listen to a teacher talking in a social studies class.

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