『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/【学术讲座】#51听力练习：What is the main focus of the talk?原文题目答案解析，TPO/【学术讲座】#51听力原文范文音频翻译。

托福TPO/【学术讲座】#51听力原文What is the main focus of the talk?【新东方在线】

Listen to a talk in an anthropology class.

亲属关系指的是通过血缘、婚姻或收养所形成的联系。

Kinship refers to the relationships formed through blood ties, marriage, or adoption.

当你想到兄弟姐妹或父母与子女时，你想到的是血亲关系，即基于共同血缘的关系。

When you think about siblings or parent and child, you're thinking about consanguinal relationships, those based on shared blood.

相比之下，通过婚姻形成的关系，例如夫妻之间或一个人与其姻亲之间的联系，被称为姻亲关系。

In contrast, relationships formed through marriage, such as the bond between spouses or between a person and their in-laws, are known as affinal relationships.

这两种关系都发挥着重要作用。

Both types of relationships play important roles.

亲属制度在不同文化中差异很大。

Kinship systems vary widely across cultures.

有些社会实行父系继嗣，即血统和继承通过父亲的家族来追溯。

Some societies practice patrilineal descent, where lineage and inheritance are traced through the father's side of the family.

另一些社会则遵循母系继嗣，即这些方面通过母亲的家族来追溯。

Others follow matrilineal descent, where these aspects are traced through the mother's side.

他们通常会在一个社区中长期生活，进行访谈、参加家庭活动并进行观察。

They often live within a community for extended periods to conduct interviews, attend family events, and make observations.

研究母系社会的人类学家可能会观察舅舅的角色——他们在抚养孩子方面可能起着关键作用。

An anthropologist studying a matrilineal society might observe the role of maternal uncles, who may play key roles in child rearing.

人类学家通过绘制亲属关系图来直观地展示人们之间的关联方式，并识别继嗣、婚姻和继承中的模式。

Anthropologists map out relationships in kinship charts to visualize how people are related and to identify patterns in descent, marriage, and inheritance.

亲属关系图听起来像不像家谱？嗯，两者都展示了人与人之间的关系。

Do kinship charts sound like family trees to you? Well, they both illustrate relationships among people.

家谱通常用于谱系学研究，以追溯生物学上的祖先和家族历史，而亲属关系图则既突出生物学联系，也突出文化上的亲属分类。

Family trees are commonly used in genealogy to trace biological ancestry and family history, while kinship charts highlight cultural categories of kin as well as biological ties.

例如，在某些文化中，母亲的姐妹可能被视为“第二个母亲”，这种关系会在亲属关系图中得到相应的体现。

For example, in some cultures, a mother's sister may be treated as a second mother, and this relationship would be represented accordingly in a kinship chart.

What does the speaker say about consanguineal relationships?

Why does the speaker mention maternal uncles in a matrilineal society?

According to the speaker, how do kinship charts differ from family trees?

Listen to a talk in an anthropology class.<br />Kinship refers to the relationships formed through blood ties, marriage, or adoption. When you think about siblings or parent and child, you're thinking about consanguinal relationships, those based on shared blood.<br />In contrast, relationships formed through marriage, such as the bond between spouses or between a person and their inlaws, are known as affinal relationships. Both types of relationships play important roles.<br />Kinship systems vary widely across cultures. Some societies practice patrilineal descent, where lineage and inheritance are traced through the father's side of the family. Others follow matrilineal descent, where these aspects are traced through the mother's side. How do anthropologists study kinship? They often live within a community for extended periods to conduct interviews, attend family events, and make observations. An anthropologist studying a matrilineal society might observe the role of maternal uncles, who may play key roles in child rearing.<br />Anthropologists map out relationships in kinship charts to visualize how people are related and to identify patterns in descent, marriage, and inheritance. Do kinship charts sound like family trees to you? Well, they both illustrate relationships among people. Family trees are commonly used in genealogy to trace biological ancestry and family history, while kinship charts highlight cultural categories of kin as well as biological ties. For example, in some cultures, a mother's sister may be treated as a second mother, and this relationship would be represented accordingly in a kinship chart.

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