『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/【学术讲座】#58听力练习：What does the speaker suggest about a painting of a landscape?原文题目答案解析，TPO/【学术讲座】#58听力原文范文音频翻译。

托福TPO/【学术讲座】#58听力原文What does the speaker suggest about a painting of a landscape?【新东方在线】

Listen to a talk in an anthropology class.

男：在20世纪上半叶，出现了一场人类学运动，称为“文化与人格学派”。

Man: In the first half of the 20th century, an anthropological movement emerged, called the Culture and Personality School.

根据文化与人格学派的观点，人的性格是他们所生活的文化的结果，而不仅仅是基于生物学，比如不仅仅是继承自他们的亲生父母。

According to the Culture and Personality school, people's personalities are a result of the culture they live in, and not just based on biology, like not just inherited from their biological parents.

例如，一种文化中的孩子如何接触食物——他们吃什么食物、食物是如何准备的——这会塑造他们个人的口味和偏好。

For example, how children in a culture experience food, the foods they eat, how it's prepared, this shapes their individual tastes and preferences.

与这场运动关系最密切的人类学家之一就是鲁思·本尼迪克特。

One of the anthropologists most associated with this movement was Ruth Benedict.

本尼迪克特研究并接受了文化相对主义的原则。

Benedict studied and embraced the principles of cultural relativism.

因此，根据文化相对主义，所有文化都应该以其自身的条件来研究，而不应该用某种外部标准来评判。

So according to cultural relativism, all cultures should be studied on their own terms and not judged against some external measure.

所以，比如说埃及的文化，属于埃及本身，不应该成为所有文化应该努力成为的标准。

So cultures in, say, Egypt, belong to Egypt and shouldn't be the standard of what all cultures should try to be.

鲁思·本尼迪克特反驳了当时占主导地位的人类学理论，该理论认为文化存在等级之分，有些先进，有些落后。

Ruth Benedict refuted the dominant anthropology theory at the time, which stated that there was a hierarchy of cultures, some advanced, others not.

而且我认为人类学领域因此而变得更好。

本尼迪克特也受到了心理学的影响，尤其是格式塔（完形）心理学思想。

Benedict was also influenced by psychology, especially Gestalt ideas.

根据格式塔心理学，一个人的人格是一个整合的整体，而不仅仅是一系列特质的列表。

According to Gestalt psychology, a personality is an integrated whole, not just a list of traits.

比如，如果你看到一幅风景画，你看到的是整个风景，而不仅仅是一座山丘、几棵树和一座农舍。

Like, If you see a painting of a landscape, you're looking at a whole landscape and not just say, a hill, trees and a farmhouse.

本尼迪克特说文化也是同样的道理：它是一个完整的、连贯的体系，具有价值观和行为的模式，而不仅仅是一组特征。

Benedict said that cultures were the same way, a whole coherent system with patterns of values and behaviors, and more than just a set of characteristics.

Why does the speaker refer to children's experiences with food?

What impresses the speaker about Ruth Benedict?

What does the speaker suggest about a painting of a landscape?

Listen to a talk in an anthropology class. Man: In the first half of the 20th century, an anthropological movement emerged,called the Culture and Personality School. According to the Culture and Personality school, people's personalities are a result of the culture they live in, and not just based on biology, like not just inherited from their biological parents. For example, how children in a culture experience food, the foods they eat, how it's prepared, this shapes their individual tastes and preferences. One of the anthropologists most associated with this movement was Ruth Benedict. Benedict studied and embraced the principles of cultural relativism. So according to cultural relativism, all cultures should be studied on their own terms and not judged against some external measure. So cultures in, say, Egypt, belong to Egypt and shouldn't be the standard of what all cultures should try to be. Ruth Benedict refuted the dominant anthropology theory at the time, which stated that there was a hierarchy of cultures, some advanced, others not. Rejecting that took courage. And I think the field is better for it. Benedict was also influenced by psychology, especially Gestalt ideas. According to Gestalt psychology, a personality is an integrated whole, not just a list of traits. Like, If you see a painting of a landscape, you're looking at a whole landscape and not just say, a hill, trees and a farmhouse. Benedict said that cultures were the same way,  a whole coherent system with patterns of values and behaviors, and more than just a set of characteristics.

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