『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 46 Lec 3听力练习：What does the professor imply about smalt as a substitute for lapis lazuli?原文题目答案解析，TPO/Official 46 Lec 3听力原文范文音频翻译。

托福TPO/Official 46 Lec 3听力原文What does the professor imply about smalt as a substitute for lapis lazuli?【新东方在线】

旁白：请听艺术史的部分讲座。

Narrator: Listen to part of the lecture in an art history class.

教授: 好的。 所以，当我们讨论盖斯伯勒的画时，就是他在1770年画的蓝色男孩，

Professor: Okay. So, when we were discussing Gainsborough's painting, the Blue Boy, which he painted in 1770,

我提到了这幅画可能是一个实验的故事。

I mentioned the story that the painting might have been an experiment.

据认为，蓝色不能是一幅画中的主要颜色，因为……它往往会与背景融为一体。

It was believed that blue couldn't be an important color in a painting because... well... it tends to recede into the background.

所以，盖恩斯伯勒创造了蓝色男孩，男孩大的特色在于他著名的蓝色衣服……和……好……我猜他证明了他的观点。

So to show otherwise, Gainsborough created the Blue Boy, with the boy featured large in his famous blue clothes... and... well... I guess he proved his point.

以前它的价格是非常非常贵的。

现在当然，由于现代化学，任何颜色都可在任何艺术用品商店的颜料管里找到。

Now of course, because of modern chemistry, any color is available in tubes at any art supply store.

但在18世纪和以前，这不是那么容易。

But in the 18th century and before, it wasn't so easy.

蓝色……好……深蓝色，最需要的蓝色，是从珍贵的石头中获取的，天青石，这种石头必须从阿富汗进口。

And blue... well... the color ultramarine, the most desired shade of blue, was made from the precious stone, Lapis Lazuli, which had to be imported all the way from Afghanistan.

第二受喜爱的蓝色，在天青石制成的深蓝色后，是另一种蓝色，它来自另一种宝石，蓝铜矿。

And the second most favorite shade of blue, after ultramarine made from Lapis Lazuli, was a shade a blue that came from another precious stone, Azurite.

但是蓝铜矿……更难处理。 有证据表明艺术家会试图应付这些困难。

But Azurite was... well... harder to work with. There's evidence that artists would try to get around these difficulties.

例如，非常少量使用来自天青石和蓝铜矿的颜料，并且还使用由磨碎的玻璃制成的更便宜的东西，例如绘画用的色砂。

For example, use pigment from lapis lazuli or azurite very sparingly, and also use something cheaper, like smalt, which was made of ground glass.

事实是，色砂随着时间的推移褪色。

Thing is, smalt became discolored over time.

所以许多艺术家可能会完全避免使用蓝色，而不是使用便宜和非永久的这种东西。

So many artists probably avoided blues altogether rather than use something cheap and impermanent.

所以，蓝色，特别是深蓝色颜料，是一个奢侈品，一个地位的象征，甚至有时比黄金更有价值。

So,blue, and especially ultramarine pigment, was a luxury, a status symbol, worth even more than gold at times.

你甚至有财富去订购一副深蓝色的画作，以向其他人展示，他们可以负担得起由这种珍贵颜料做的东西，很大程度上犹如他们订购金箔。

And you even have the wealthy ordering paintings with ultramarine to show others that they could afford something made from this precious pigment, much in the same way they would order gold leaf.

实际上，古埃及人的确设法制造人造蓝色，如果你能相信的话，这是第一种合成颜料。

Actually, the ancient Egyptians did manage to make an artificial blue, the first synthetic pigment in fact, if you can believe that.

他们把配方传递给希腊人和罗马人，但后来还是失传了。

They passed the formula on to the Greeks and Romans, but then it was lost.

无论如何，天青石不仅很难得到，它也很难处理。

Anyway, not only was lapis lazuli hard to get, it was also hard to process.

处方很难。 石头必须很好的磨碎，这对岩石来说不容易，然后与熔化的蜡，树脂和油混合，裹在一块布里，缝成一个面包团的样子。

The recipe was difficult. The stone had to be ground finely, not easy to do with a rock, then mixed with melted wax, resins and oils, wrapped in a cloth and knitted like bread dough.

然后深蓝色的细颗粒与其它部分分离出来。

The fine particles of ultramarine were then separated from the rest.

该方法耗时，这也导致了生产深蓝色的成本高，并且它甚至无法产生很多可用的颜料。

The process was time-consuming, which also contributed to the high cost of producing ultramarine, and it didn't even yield much usable pigment.

因此，法国政府在1824年赞助了一场竞赛，以找到一种更便宜的方式来制造深蓝颜料。

As a result, the French government sponsored a competition in 1824 to find a cheaper way to make ultramarine pigment.

不久之后，一个过程被演示出来，其中煤、硫和其他廉价、常见的物质的组合被加热，

And soon after a process was demonstrated where a combination of coal, sulfur and other cheap, commonplace substances were heated,

能创造出一个合适的合成物来替代天青石。

creating a suitable synthetic substitute for lapis lazuli.

毫无疑问，19世纪的画家在优质的人造版本出现后使用的深蓝色变多了。

So, there's no doubt that 19th-century artists, after good synthetic versions were available, used more ultramarine.

例如想想印象派艺术家。比不久之前的画家，他们有更多的选择，或至少，更便宜的选择。

Think of the impressionists, for example. They had a lot more choices or at least, less expensive choices, than painters not that long before them.

What was Gainsborough's goal when he painted The Blue Boy?

What does the professor imply about smalt as a substitute for lapis lazuli?

What two points does the professor make about the process of turning lapis lazuli into ultramarine?

Why does the professor mention the French government?

What does the professor imply when he says this:

Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class. 
Okay. So when we were discussing Gainsborough’s painting the blue boy, which she painted in 1770. I mentioned stories of the painting might've been an experiment, the result of a challenge. It was believed the blue couldn’t be an important color in a painting, because while it tends to receive the background, not good for your main subject, right? So to show otherwise, Gainsborough created the blue boy with the boy feature large and his famous blue clothes and well I guess you prove this point. But there was another challenge to blue. It was very very expensive back then. Now of course, because of modern chemistry any colors available in tubes at any art supply store. But in the 18th-century and before it wasn't so easy, and, well, blue the color ultramarine the most desired shade of blue, was made from the precious stone lapis lazuli which had to be imported all the way from Afghanistan. And the second most favorite shape blue, after ultramarie made from lapis lazuli, was a shade of blue that came from another precious stone azurite. But azurite was, well, harder to work with. There is evidence that artists would try to get around these difficulties. For example, use pigment from lapis lazuli or azurite very sparingly and also use something cheaper like smalt, which was made of ground glass. Thing is smalt became discolored over time. So many artists probably just avoid blues altogether rather than you something cheap and in prominent. 
So blue and especially ultramarine pigment, was a luxury status of simple, worth even more than gold at times. Even had the wealthy ordering paintings with ultramarine to show others that they could afford something made from this precious pigment, match in the same way that order gold leaf. Actually, the ancient Egyptians did manage to make an artificial blue. The first synthetic pigment in fact if you can believe that. They passed the formula onto the Greeks and Romans, but then it was lost. Anyway, not only was lapis lazuli hard to get, it was also hard to process. The recipe was difficult, the stone had to be ground finely, not easy to do with rock. Then mixed with melted, wax, resins and oils wrapped in a cloth and needed like bread though. The fine particles of ultramarine were then separated from the rest. The process was time-consuming which also contributed to the high cost of producing ultramarine and it didn't even yield very much usable pigment. As a result, the French government sponsored a competition in 1824 to find a cheaper way to make ultramarine pigment. And soon after, the process was demonstrated where combination of coal, sulfur, another cheap commonplace substances were heated, creating a suitable synthetic substitute for lapis lazuli. So there's no doubt that 19th-century artists have two good synthetic versions were available use more ultramarine. Think of the impressionists for example, they had a lot more choices or at least, less expensive choices than painters not that long before them.

北美留学考试	英联邦留学考试	专业问答
TOEFL	IELTS	雅思专业问答
GRE	A Level	托福专业问答
GMAT	PTE	GRE专业问答
SAT	Interchange	GMAT专业问答
ACT	英本精英计划
AP/SSAT/IB
美高先修课
美本精英计划
美研精英计划