『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 37 Lec 2听力练习：Why do researchers believe that the cat's grave and the human's grave on the island of Cyprus provide evidence of early cat domestication?原文题目答案解析，TPO/Official 37 Lec 2听力原文范文音频翻译。

托福TPO/Official 37 Lec 2听力原文Why do researchers believe that the cat's grave and the human's grave on the island of Cyprus provide evidence of early cat domestication?【新东方在线】

旁白：请听一段考古学讲座的节选片段。

Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in an archaeology class.

教授：在上一节课中，我们开始讲家畜蓄养。

Professor: In our last class we began talking about animal domestication.

这就是我们说的一群动物被人类关起来，并且逐渐被驯化，被人类所控制，为人类提供生活物质的过程。

And we said it's the process whereby a population of animals is bred in captivity and becomes accustomed to being provided for and controlled by humans.

学生：是的。我在想……你说家养的动物总是可以满足人类的一些目的的，就像是马……嗯……可以拉很重的东西，狗可以打猎或者放羊，但是猫嘛，猫为什么会被驯养呢？

Student: Yeah. I was thinking...you said domesticated animals usually served some kind of purpose for humans, like horses could...uh...pull heavy loads, and dogs could hunt or herd sheep, but cats, why were they ever domesticated?

我的意思是，我家的猫可是什么事情也不会做。

猫看起来的确不像是驯养的动物中的一员，对吗？

Cats don't seem likely candidates for domestication, do they?

它们实际上缺少一种大多数被驯养的动物都具有的重要特征。

They actually lack an important characteristic that most animals that can be domesticated have.

可驯养的动物倾向于群居，并且有着鲜明的等级制度。

Domesticable animals tend to live in herds or packs, with clear dominance hierarchies.

人类就可以轻易地利用这种等级制度。

Humans could easily take advantage of this hierarchical structure.

通过取代动物群中的强势个体，他们可以掌握整个种群或者种群中的个体，就像是狗的例子一样。

By supplanting the alpha individual, they could gain control of the whole group or of individuals as in the case of dogs.

野生环境中的猫则基本上没有这种结构。

Cats in the wild, though, rarely have this structure.

大多数的时候，它们单独捕猎。

For the most part, they are solitary hunters.

但是对于猫对人类的用途来说，我们来想想人类是何时何地开始驯养猫的，这个可能会帮助我们思考。

But as for their utility to humans, well, it's helpful to think about when and where cat domestication might have begun.

我想到了古埃及关于猫的画作。

I'm thinking of all those ancient Egyptian paintings of cats.

你提到的这些画作的确提供了驯养猫的最古老的描述。在这些画里，猫毫无疑问是家庭伴侣。

Those paintings you mentioned do provide the oldest known depictions of full cat domestication, where cats are, without question, household companions.

3600年以前的画作展示了猫在埃及人家里趴在椅子下面，有时候戴着项圈，还吃着碗里小块的食物。

The paintings from about 3,600 years ago typically show cats in Egyptian homes poised under chairs, sometimes wearing collars, eating scraps of food out of bowls.

但是埃及人没有记录下来最初猫是怎么被驯养的，最初是在哪里猫开始和人类有交集的。

But the Egyptians don't get credited for the early stages of cat domestication where cats are just beginning to interact with humans.

早期对于猫的驯养要追溯回9500年前！

There are signs of early domestication as far back as 9,500 years ago!

最近，两座坟墓在塞浦路斯岛被发现了。

Recently, two graves were discovered on the Island of Cyprus.

一座是人类的坟墓，埋着一些工具，贝壳和其他的物件，在这座坟墓的附近，一只猫被埋在它自己的坟墓里。

One was the grave of a human, buried with some tools, sea shells and other items, and nearby, a cat was buried in its own grave.

有趣的是，猫的身体的摆放和人类身体的摆放都是朝西的。

Interestingly, the cat's body was oriented in the same westward direction as the human's body.

另一个值得注意的事情是，这两具尸体的保存状况是相同的，这就说明了他们是在同一时间下葬的。

Another notable thing about the two bodies was that they were in an identical state of preservation, suggesting they had been buried at the same time.

所以我们可以假设，在9500年前，人类和猫就已经有了一些关系了。

So we can assume that humans had at least some kind of relationship with cats as early as 9,500 years ago.

学生：所以猫的驯养开始于塞浦路斯岛？

Student: So cat domestication began in Cyprus?

教授：嗯，除了猫并不是塞浦路斯岛土生土长的。

Professor: Well, except cats weren't native to Cyprus.

它们毫无疑问是从中东的肥沃新月地带通过船只带到塞浦路斯岛的。

They were undoubtedly brought over to the island by boat probably from the nearby coast of the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East.

实际上，广泛的DNA分析现在已经确定，人类学家已经笃信很久的事实了。

In fact, extensive DNA analysis has now confirmed what archaeologists have believed for quite some time.

所有的现代猫咪都是来自一个地方的猫亚种之一：肥沃新月地带的猫，并不是来自世界上其他地区的其他四个猫咪亚种。

All modern domesticate cats arose from just one subspecies of wild cat from that single location: the Fertile Crescent, and not from any of the other four subspecies of wild cats located in other areas throughout the world.

这就把我们引领回了Jim的问题：为什么猫会被驯养，人类又是怎么驯养它们的呢？

Which brings us back to Jim's question: Why did it happen and how?

几年以来，研究者仔细考虑了猫的驯养的问题，我所有的也只是个理论，但是它是很有道理的。

Well, for years, researchers have pondered this question of cat domestication, and the best I can do here is just a theory, but tell me it doesn't make sense.

在进化这方面，10000年前的肥沃新月地带的早期人类居住地和农业生产为任何适应性强且好奇心足够的野生动物创造了一个全新的环境。

In evolutionary terms, early settlements and agriculture in the Fertile Crescent around 10,000 years ago created a completely new environment for any wild animals that were flexible and curious enough to exploit it.

老鼠被吸引到了这些定居地，还有猫作为食肉动物也被吸引来了。

Mice were attracted to these settlements, and cats, being obligate carnivores they must eat meat to thrive, they were almost certainly drawn to the settlements by the mice.

随着时间过去，只有猫在人类主宰的环境下存活了下来。

Over time, only the cats that could adapt to living in human-dominated environments would have stayed and thrived.

并且控制住了这片地区和谷仓里的老鼠数量。最终，猫进驻人类的家庭，就这样简单地成为了他们的家庭伴侣。

People probably encouraged them to stick around and controlled the mice in the field and the granaries, and eventually, their homes, and perhaps simply grew to like their company too.

学生：嗯……所以在某种方式上，不同就是猫被驯化是来自猫的主观意愿，而不是人的。

Student: Hmm...so in a way, the difference with cats was that domestication was their idea instead of ours.

但是你为什么会认为只有五种猫亚种中的一种被驯化了呢？

But why do you suppose only one of the five subspecies was domesticated?

因为其他四种对于人类不友好吗？

Were the others just not friendly enough toward humans?

实际上，至少两个亚种是相对友好的，但是新月地带的猫抢占了先机，因为它们和第一个人类居住地比较近。

In fact, at least two of the other subspecies are known to be relatively friendly, but the Fertile Crescent subspecies had, well, a head start because of its proximity to the first human settlements.

当农耕范围扩大后时，驯服的猫的古老亚种就随着农耕范围扩大。

And as agriculture spread, the tamed ancestors of this subspecies spread with it.

所以它们逐渐占据了每一个地区人类家庭里的生态位，并且赶走了其他早就生活在那里的其他亚种。

So they fill the niche of home companion in each region they entered and effectively shut out the local subspecies that were already there.

Why does the professor point out that most cats are solitary hunters?

According to the professor, what do many ancient Egyptian paintings reveal about cats?

Why do researchers believe that the cat's grave and the human's grave on the island of Cyprus provide evidence of early cat domestication?

Why does the professor mention that the wildcat subspecies of the Fertile Crescent lived close to the first human settlements?

What can be inferred about the professor when she says this?

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