『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 35 Lec 1听力练习：What did the research team modify in the second part of their experiment?原文题目答案解析，TPO/Official 35 Lec 1听力原文范文音频翻译。

托福TPO/Official 35 Lec 1听力原文What did the research team modify in the second part of their experiment?【新东方在线】

旁白：请听一段动物行为讲座的节选。

Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in an animal behavior class.

教授：在我们结束动物导航的话题之前，我们再来看一个物种，看看动物是怎么在环境中找路的。

Professor:Before we leave the topic of animal navigation, let's look at one more species and how it finds its way through its environment.

我们接下来要看的物种是盲眼鼹鼠。

The species we'll look at is the blind mole rat.

盲眼鼹鼠在找路方面很有意思，因为它们住在全黑的环境里——在精巧的地下洞穴通道里。

Blind mole rats are interesting in terms of navigation because they live entirely in the dark--in elaborate underground tunnel systems.

所以盲眼鼹鼠要怎么在复杂的通道里找到自己的路呢？

So how do blind mole rats find their way around in these complicated tunnels?

我们知道，盲眼鼹鼠会结合使用两种不同的导航系统。

Well, for some time we've known that blind mole rats use some combination of two different navigation systems.

第一种系统需要依赖盲眼鼹鼠的时间感和它们记忆地下路标的能力。

Um, one system relies on their sense of time and their ability to remember underground landmarks.

例如，一只盲眼鼹鼠需要通过地下管道系统回到它睡觉的地方。

For example, let's say a mole rat wants to find its way through its tunnel system back to its nest where it sleeps.

它先是往前走，在感到坚硬的石头或者有树根在脚下的时候，它会告诉自己，好啦，这里是我左转的地方。

Well, it goes along. Then it feels some hard stones or a tree root under its feet and it basically says to itself. "Ok, here is where I took a left."

接下来它会记忆到下一个路口需要的时间，依此类推。

And then it might remember how long it took to get to the next turn and so forth.

鼹鼠就是这样通过记忆之前在路上感知到的路标和两个转弯之间所需的时间来走直线或者转弯。

The mole rat goes straight or turns based on what it remembers having sensed along the way on previous trips and the time it took between turns.

接下来，盲眼鼹鼠的另一种导航系统是根据地球磁场定位。

Now, the other navigation system for the mole rat relies on Earth's magnetic field.

鼹鼠可以感知到地球的磁场，并用它来确定方向。

Mole rats have the ability to sense the magnetic field and use it to orient themselves directionally.

但是直到最近，科学家才弄清楚这两种导航系统在鼹鼠找路过程中的作用。

But until recently scientists weren't sure about the role of these two different systems.

近来，一组科学家设计了个实验来解答这个问题。

Recently a team of researchers conducted an experiment to answer that question.

这两种导航系统起到的作用不同吗？

Do these two navigation systems play different roles?

他们的做法是设计一个高度仿真的鼹鼠地道网。它看起来像是个自行车轮子，是一个圆带有多条放射状的路线。

What they did was they designed a special structure that very closely resembles a blind mole rat's tunnel system, which looks like a bicycle wheel, a central hub with multiple spokes radiating outward.

Now this turned out to be quite important.

早期实验用了一个更普遍的装置，基本上是一个开放的圆形，本来是用作测试其他动物的导航的。

Earlier experiments have used a more generic habitat, basically a wide open circle, which was originally designed to test magnetic navigation in other animals.

但是这个设计导致了在鼹鼠身上得不到确定的结论。

That design led to inconclusive results with mole rats.

现在有了自行车轮地道装置，研究者可以改变鼹鼠巢穴和觅食地之间的距离，加长或者缩短。

Now, with their bicycle wheel tunnel system the researchers were able to vary the distance that the mole rats travel between their nest and their food source by creating long routes and short routes.

在每一个实验里，鼹鼠从自己的巢穴出发，去觅食地点，然后再找路返回巢穴。

In each trial, the mole rats started out in their nest, went to the food source and then had to find their way back home, back to the nest.

为了确定它们用的是哪一种导航系统，研究者们在两种不同的情景下测试了它们。

To determine which navigation system they were using, the researchers tested the animals under two different conditions.

第一种情景里，鼹鼠的离巢和返巢都在正常磁场下进行。

First, the mole rats were tested under conditions of normal magnetism for both the trip to the food and the trip home.

在这些正常的情景下，它们离巢和返巢都是走的同样的路线，不管觅食地离巢穴有多远。

And under these normal conditions, they all followed their original route back home, regardless of the length of the trip to the food source.

接下来在第二种情景中，返巢时的磁场被改变了。一种特殊设置的磁铁会把鼹鼠巢穴周围的磁场向东偏离19度。

Then in the second part of the experiment, the magnetic field was altered but only for the trip home, a specially constructed set of magnets was used to shift the magnetic field around the habitat 19 degrees eastward.

研究者们想知道，鼹鼠是怎么应对这种改变的。

The researchers wanted to see how the mole rats responded to this shift.

结果是，磁场的改变并不影响盲眼鼹鼠的短途返巢。

Well, it turns out that the magnetic shift had no impact on the return route of the blind mole rats after a short trip.

They returned to the point where they had started from.

但是旅途距离加长之后，它们走了一条完全不同的路：这一条路让它们向东偏离了9度。

But after a longer trip, they took a totally different route: one that led them nine degrees east of the nest.

这是证明盲眼鼹鼠只在长途路途中使用磁场导航的有力证据。

This was strong evidence that blind mole rats use magnetic navigation only for longer trips.

所以，为什么会同时存在两种导航系统呢：一个用于长途旅行，一个用于短途旅行？

So why two navigation systems: one for long trips and one for short trips?

现在我们只能推测，但是我们认为当鼹鼠只依赖第一种导航系统，即使用地下路标和时间感来认路时，它们偶尔是会犯错误的。

Well, for now we can only speculate, but we think that when mole rats rely on the first system, using underground landmarks or their sense of time, well, they make small mistakes here and there.

在短途旅行中，这个错误是微不足道的。

On a short trip, this doesn't matter much.

因为路途很短，它们也不会犯太多的错误。

The trip is short, so they can't make many mistakes.

但是当路途变长，它们可能会犯错误的机会就变多了，小错误不断累积，最后会导致鼹鼠偏离正确路线。

But on a long trip, well, there are lots of opportunities to make small mistakes, and small mistakes can add up, leading the mole rat far from where it wants to be.

所以在长途旅行中，磁场导航系统更好，更实用，因为地球的磁场是稳定持续的，是一个可靠的方向指示器！

So on a long trip, a magnetic navigation system is better, more useful, since earth's magnetic field is stable, a constant, a more reliable indicator of direction!

Why does the professor mention tree roots and rocks?

In discussing the experiment, why does the professor refer to a generic habitat?

What did the research team modify in the second part of their experiment?

According to the professor, what factor governs which navigation system the blind mole rat uses in a given situation?

What does the professor imply when she explains why blind mole rats use two navigation systems?

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