『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 34 Lec 1听力练习：What does the professor identify as aspects of traditional play?原文题目答案解析，TPO/Official 34 Lec 1听力原文范文音频翻译。

托福TPO/Official 34 Lec 1听力原文What does the professor identify as aspects of traditional play?【新东方在线】

Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.

上个星期我们开始讨论在Dada这个艺术运动中的画家和雕塑家。

So last week we started talking about the painters and sculptors who were part of the art movement called Dada.

但是我不想让你们认为上一次我介绍的理念局限于绘画、雕塑这些东西上。

But I don't want you to think the ideas we introduced last time were limited to painting, sculpture, that sort of thing.

因此，今天我想说一些视觉艺术以外的东西，讲一些关于在表演艺术、在剧院的Dada。

So today I want to move beyond the visual arts and talk a bit about Dada in the performing arts, in theater.

但是让我们先复习一下什么是Dada，好吗？

But let's start by reviewing what Dada is. OK?

就像你们回想起的，Dada在1916年起源于瑞士的苏黎世。

As you will recall, Dada began in Switzerland, in the city of Zurich, in 1916.

研究这个的艺术家们反抗传统对于美、真理、进步的观念， 而这些观念自从18实际以来都是西方世界的标准。

The artists who started it were reacting against traditional notions of beauty, of reason, of progress, which had been standards of western thought since the 18th century.

他们到处寻找。我的意思是，第一次世界大战打响，因此他们并没有在世界中看到太多的美、真理、进步。

They looked around. And well, I mean, the First World War was raging, so they didn't see much beauty, reason or progress in the world.

取而代之的是，他们看到的世界是混乱的、任意的，一个毫无意义的世界。

Instead, they saw a world that was chaotic, random, a world that didn't make sense.

并且，如果这就是世界的样子，他们希望艺术能够把这个反映出来。

And if that's the way the world was, well, they wanted their art to reflect that.

因此，我们来回顾一些Dada艺术的一些核心理念。

So let's…let's review a couple of key ideas that were the backbone of Dada art.

首先，Dada主义者想要完全否定古典艺术理念。

First, the Dadaists wanted to completely reject the classical idea of art.

类似于比例、平衡这些你所能想到的关于伟大的艺术的所有的东西。

Classical ideas like proportion, balance…all the things you think about when you think about great art.

伟大的艺术牵涉到：真理、逻辑、美。这些都是Dada主义者想要推翻的。

Great art involved reason, the logic, the beauty that the Dadaists wanted to overthrow.

因此，你们知道的，对于一个Dada主义者来说，经典艺术作品反映的是过时的思想！

So, well, you know, to a Dadaist, classical artwork was a reflection of outdated thinking!

这也是为什么Dada主义者们创造出了我们上周看过的那些雕塑。

That's why Dadaists created sculptures like the ones we saw last week.

还记得在顶部装着自行车轮子的凳子么？

Remember the stool with the bicycle wheel mounted on top?

我不会把那个叫做美，你们呢？

I wouldn't exactly called that beautiful, would you?

但是当然，这本来就是不美的。

好的，另外一个Dada的关键性的理念是关于随机性。是不是？

OK. So another key Dada idea we talked about was the embracing of randomness. Right?

Dada主义者说，如果生活是随机的，那么为什么我们又要制造出有序又有逻辑的艺术？

Uh…if life is random, said the Dadaists, why would we make art that has order and logic?

所以我们看到的那个拼贴画，由艺术家随意地把不同的彩色的正方形图案扔到帆布上的任何地方，就变成了一个作品。

And so we have that collage we looked at, with an artist took different, you know, cut-out squares of colored paper, threw them onto the canvas, and wherever they landed, that was the composition of the work.

另一个Dada主义者喜欢的东西叫做机会诗歌。

Another favorite of the Dadaists was something called chance poetry.

机会诗歌就是从帽子中拉出单词来，然后那个就是用来创作诗歌的词。

A chance poet would pull words out of a hat and that would be…that would make up the poem.

这种机会和随机性就是Dada主义的关键因素，那是因为对他们来说整个世界都太随机了。

And this idea of chance and randomness was a key element of Dadaism because the whole world seemed so random to them.

因此现在我们来看一下Data主义者是怎么在一个非常不传统的……

So now let's take a look at how Dadaist ideas represented to audiences in highly unconventional…well…

我甚至不是很确定如何来对这些戏剧性的事件分类。

I am not even sure how to categorize these theatrical events.

I suppose you just have to call them shows.

这些秀在苏黎世一个叫做伏尔泰酒馆的地方开始的。

These shows started in Zurich in a place called the Cabaret Voltaire.

在伏尔泰酒馆发生的事情的本质中，你可以看到对西方经典艺术的排斥。

The rejection of classical western art, well, you see this in the nature of what took place at the Cabaret Voltaire.

他们在那里并没有上演戏剧或者歌剧。

They didn't put on plays or operas there.

他们所做的就是把所有的常规都扔掉。

What they did was throw out all conventions.

They mixed everything and anything together.

他们会..……会从读诗歌开始。

They would…it might start with somebody reading a poem.

然后某个人会演奏乐器，接着就是绘画表演，然后吟诵，然后敲大鼓并且有人穿着机器人的服装上跳下窜。

Then somebody else playing an instrument, followed by a display of paintings, followed by somebody else chanting, followed by somebody else banging on a big drum, and someone dressed in a robot costume jumping up and down.

这个并没有你在传统戏剧表演中可以发现的情节发展。

There's no real plot development here like you'd find in the traditional theatrical performance.

在伏尔泰酒馆的表演者也会让观众参与进来，这个也是非常不寻常的。

The performers at the Cabaret Voltaire would also get the audience involved, which was extremely unusual.

演员们表演得好像没有人在看他们一样，对不对？

The actors act as if there is no one watching, right?

好的，在伏尔泰酒馆，观众可以上台、跳舞、唱歌、尖叫，也可以在他们的座位上唱歌。

Well, at the Cabaret Voltaire, audience members could get up on stage and dance, or chant, or shout and sing from their seats.

并且，每个夜晚都是不同的，因为那里会有不同的表演也会有不同的观众。

And every night would be different, because there would be a different audience and a different set of acts and displays.

表演者和观众之间没有障碍，各种艺术之间也没有障碍。

No barriers between the performers and the audience, and no barriers between kinds of art either.

想想看：诗歌、绘画、音乐、舞蹈…所有的都在同一时间同一地点发生。

Think about it: poetry, paintings, music, dance…all on the same stage and often at the same time!

这就是Dada主义者脑海中的样子。

当他们着手制作反应他们自己认为的现实世界的艺术时，它本身并没有意义。

When they set out to make art that reflected their own idea of reality, it didn't make sense.

Why does the professor mention a stool with a bicycle wheel mounted on top?

According to the professor, why did some Dadaist write poetry by pulling words out of a hat?

What does the professor identify as aspects of traditional play?

According to the professor, what contributed to the chaotic nature of the performances at the Cabaret Voltaire?

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