『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 33 Lec 3听力练习：Why did the antifreeze protein initially give no special advantage to the earliest notothenioids?原文题目答案解析，TPO/Official 33 Lec 3听力原文范文音频翻译。

托福TPO/Official 33 Lec 3听力原文Why did the antifreeze protein initially give no special advantage to the earliest notothenioids?【新东方在线】

Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.

教授：事实上，动物们适应环境的方法往往是非常新颖的。

Professor: Ways in which animals adapt to their environment are often quite ingenious actually.

作为这个的一个例子，让我来说说一种鱼，这种鱼叫做Notothenioids。

And as an example of this, let me tell you about a fish, a group of fish known as the Notothenioids.

Notothenioids有90个已知的种类，并且他们可以栖息在浅水，也可以栖息在深水，大部分在南极洲附近。

There's over 90 known species of Notothenioids and they inhabit both shallow and very deep waters, mostly around Antarctica.

很多都非常小，尽管最大的种类可能重达150公斤。

Many are fairly small, though the largest species can weigh up to 150 kilograms.

Notothenioids可以通过他们的大眼睛被识别，被一层透明的绝缘组织覆盖。

Notothenioids can be identified by their large eyes, which are covered by a thick insulating layer of clear tissue.

这种组织保护他们的眼睛不被冻坏。

This tissue protects their eyes from freezing.

要知道，海洋水的冰点，也就是咸水，要比淡水来的低，-1.9°C。

Remember, the freezing point of ocean water, salt water, is lower than for fresh water, negative 1.9 degree Celsius (-1.9°C).

比起河流或者湖泊里的鱼，海水对海洋里的鱼来说要冷的多。

So it can get a lot colder for fish in an ocean, say, than in a river or lake.

这也就意味着南极洲附近的海水足够冻住大部分品种的鱼类，但是Notothenioids不会被冻住。

So this means that the ocean waters around Antarctica are cold enough to freeze most types of fish, but Notothenioids don't freeze.

他们占到南极洋鱼类的95%，南极洋就是环绕南极州的海域。

They account for some 95% of all fish in the southern ocean, the ocean that surrounds Antarctica.

那么，这个又有什么不寻常的呢？

让单一种类的鱼群占领整个海域。

To have a single family of fish dominating an entire ocean.

我的意思是，想想热带或者温带的海洋环境，那里有着非常丰富种类的鱼群。

I mean, think of…say, tropical or temperate marine environments, which have incredibly diverse fish populations.

例如，珊瑚礁支持着4000种鱼类，连同海绵、甲壳累和许多其他的生物。

Coral reefs, for example, support over 4000 types of fish, along with sponges, crustaceans, and many other organisms.

那么，是在什么时候、通过什么方法Notothenioids占领了南极洋的呢？

So, exactly when and how did the Notothenioids come to dominate the southern ocean?

大约在30,000,000年前，在南极洲附近的水域比现在要温暖一些。

Well, around 30 million years ago, the waters around Antarctica were a lot warmer than they are today.

额……在那个时候，南极洲和南美洲相连，这也就意味着北部的热空气可以向南流动并且使南极洲海域升温。

Um...at that time, Antarctica was connected to South America, which means that warm air from the north could flow southward and heat up the Antarctica waters.

因为南极洲附近的海域相对温暖，它支持着很多种类的鱼。

Because the water around Antarctica then was relatively warm, it supported many types of fish.

但是，现在尚存的90种左右的Notothenioids在那个时候并不都存在。

But the 90 or so species of Notothenioids that exist today didn't exist at all back then.

事实上，只有一种祖先Notothenioids存在着。

In fact, only one ancestral Notothenioid species existed.

但是在大约5,000,000到14,000,000年前，2个重要的改变发生了。

But somewhere between 5 million and 14 million years ago, two major changes took place.

在一种Notothenioids中发生了非常小的基因改变。

A tiny genetic change occurred in that one Notothenioid species.

它的DNA可以使得一种特别的蛋白产生，这种蛋白可以防止鱼被冻死。

Its DNA allowed for the production of a special protein, a protein that prevents the fish from freezing.

这种防冻蛋白工作的方式是：它会绑定在鱼身体内部任意的冰晶。

The way this…this anti-freeze protein works is: it binds to any ice crystals that form inside the fish.

这种绑定的行为防止冰晶变大。

This binding action prevents the ice crystals from growing larger.

并且这就是那个防止Notothenioids冻死的东西。

And this is what prevents Notothenioids from freezing.

在那个时候，由于Notothenioids栖息的海域还没有那么冷，因此这种蛋白并没有那么大的区别，没有达到影响鱼的生存。

Now, at that time, the waters the Notothenioids inhabited were still not freezing cold, so the protein didn't really make a difference as far as the fish's survival.

当时，这个会发生改变，在同一个地质时期，在地球的大陆板块发生了移动。

But this would change, because in the same period of geologic time there was a shift in the earth's continental plates.

大陆板块漂移使得南极洲从南美洲板块分离，并且飘到了南极区域。

Continental drift caused Antarctica to move apart from the landmass of South America and to drift into the Southern Polar Region.

这个导致了非常强大的环绕南极洲的水流，这个防止了南极洲海域和其他温暖一点的海域混合。

This resulted in a powerful water current encircling Antarctica, which prevented the Antarctic waters from mixing with warmer water.

因此，和北部温暖气流分隔的南极洋迅速的降温，降温到如今我们会将低于冰点和它联系起来。

So the southern ocean, isolated from that warm airflow from the north, cooled down drastically, to the kinds of sub-freezing temperatures we associate with it today.

现在，大部分的鱼类无法在这个寒冷的环境下生存并且他们灭绝了。

Now, most fish species couldn't survive in this frigid environment and they became extinct.

但是那个有特殊能力生产抗冻蛋白的Notothenioids存活了下来。

But that one Notothenioid species, with its unique ability to produce that anti-freeze protein, thrived.

在整个南极洲海域几乎只有它一种鱼。

It had virtually the entire southern ocean to itself!

那么会怎样？对于食物和空间都没有了竞争。

So? Well, there was little or no competition for food or space.

你可能会认为它可能是一种生态真空。

You might think of it as…um…as a…a kind of ecological vacuum.

并且Notothenioids彻底得开发利用了这块地方。

这种鱼类移居到南极洋不同栖息地。

The species migrated into different habitats throughout the southern ocean.

并且，这种鱼的数量急剧增加，这种鱼类的分支移居到海洋的不同区域。

And its population increased dramatically, with various sub-populations migrating into different parts of the ocean.

经过一段时间，这些在不同区域的分支发展出了不同的身体性状。

Over time these sub-populations in all those different habitats…well, they developed very different physical traits.

他们适应他们不同的生态位去生存，生态位指的是在特定生态系统中的位置。

They adapted to survive in their particular ecological niche, their…their position within a particular ecosystem.

我们将这种在一个物种中种类多样化称之为适应性扩张。

We call this type of species diversification within a species adaptive radiation.

适应性扩张是：为了适应不同的生态位，由一种本家物种经历变化而产生各种各样的新物种的进化过程。

And what adaptive radiation is is: an evolutionary process by which a parent species rapidly undergoes changes resulting in various new species in order to fill multiple ecological niches.

那么在Notothenioids这个案例中，这个单一物种开始在空旷的栖息地大量的繁殖，到达可以进化出很大范围不同种类的程度，也就是我们今天拥有的90种左右的Notothenioids种类。

So in the case of the Notothenioids, that single species started colonizing empty habitats to such an extent that it evolved into a broad range of new species, the 90 or so Notothenioid species that we have today.

那么，让我转向其他一些也非常成功的适应性扩张的物种。

So let me switch to adaptive radiation with regard to another species that's also been very successful.

Why does the professor mention that coral reefs support more than 4,000 species of fish?

What characteristic of notothenioids helps them survive in subfreezing temperatures?

Why did the antifreeze protein initially give no special advantage to the earliest notothenioids?

According to the professor, what factors led to the rapid distribution of notothenioids throughout the Southern Ocean?

According to the professor, what happened to notothenioids that migrated to different areas of the Southern Ocean?

北美留学考试	英联邦留学考试	专业问答
TOEFL	IELTS	雅思专业问答
GRE	A Level	托福专业问答
GMAT	PTE	GRE专业问答
SAT	Interchange	GMAT专业问答
ACT	英本精英计划
AP/SSAT/IB
美高先修课
美本精英计划
美研精英计划