『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 39 Lec 2听力练习：What are the speakers mainly discussing?原文题目答案解析，TPO/Official 39 Lec 2听力原文范文音频翻译。

托福TPO/Official 39 Lec 2听力原文What are the speakers mainly discussing?【新东方在线】

旁白：请听一段人类学讲座的节选片段。

Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in an anthropology class.

这节课的教授正在谈论人种学。

教授：因为人种学是关于对一个单一文化的描述性研究，电影在研究中就成为了很有价值的一种工具。

Professor: Since ethnography is all about the descriptive study of an individual culture, film has proved to have great value as a tool for anthropologists in their research.

让我们看看一种人种学电影制作的特别的有效手段，这种手段在20世纪70年代被研制出来。

Let's look at a particularly effective approach to ethnographic film-making, which was developed in the 1970s.

这种特别的人种学电影制作的风格被称为社区决定的办法。

This particular style of ethnographic filmmaking is called the community-determined approach.

这种社区决定的方法是为了达成一种群体创作的意图。

The intent of the community-determined approach is to achieve a kind of, uh... shared authorship.

来看看……通过这种办法，大家会提前讨论这个项目的目标以及如何使用这些信息，所以一个单一的文化，嗯……一个社区并不是电影的中心。

See... in this approach, the goals of the project and how the information will be used are discussed ahead of time, and so a culture, uh... community is not just the focus of the film.

每一个单一的文化和群体实际上在整个人类学过程中都是起到平等参与者的作用。

They are actually equal participants in the whole ethnographic process.

以这种方式，电影以社区群众的真实价值观和想法为中心，并且电影制作很尊重一个人道德上的权利，他或她可以决定自己如何出现在电影里。

In this way the film revolves around the actual values and concerns of the individuals in the community, and it honors an individual's ethical right to control how he or she is presented in the media.

在20世纪70年代，在阿拉斯加社区拍摄了几部这样的电影。

Several of these films were made in Alaskan communities in the 1970s.

学生：那这是怎么实现的呢，就是社区决定的部分？

Student: So how does it work, you know, the community-determined part?

教授：嗯，这就需要很多的准备过程了。

Professor: Well, it takes a lot of preparation.

首先，在电影开始之前，电影制作者要去拜访社区，和村民委员会碰头，这些人是社区做决策的人。

First, way before filming begins, the filmmakers visit the community and meet with the village council who are the decision-makers of the community.

如果在拍摄之前可以先给村民看一部在别处拍摄的类似影片的话，他们就可以了解一下别的社区经历了什么。

A film, if available, is shown to the village council so that they get an idea of the experience of another community.

在开会之后，电影制作者离开，给村民委员会充足的时间来考虑刚才谈论的所有事宜。

After the meeting, the filmmakers leave and the village council is given all the time they need to think about what was discussed.

然后，如果村民委员会成员感兴趣的话，他们可以给电影制作人写信或者打电话。

Later, if the village council members are interested, they send a letter or call.

学生：所以没有紧接着的会议吗？

教授：没有，除非村民还想开。

你看，这就减轻了村民决策的压力，他们更容易同意。

See, this helps remove any pressure to say yes.

这种社会压力来自电影制作者的在场。

The social pressure from the filmmakers' presence.

学生：所以如果他们同意的话，然后会发生什么呢？

教授：接下来电影制作团队会进驻社区。

Professor: Then the filmmakers start living in the community.

你看，这种社区决定的方法中，另一个重要的点是……这是很重要的，电影制作团队要待在村里很长时间，不是几周，是几个月。

See, another major point in the community-determined approach... it's very important that the filmmakers plan to stay in the community for an extended period of time, not weeks, but months.

而且，这样做是有几个原因的。

And really, there are several reasons for this.

学生：电影制作团队可以对于村子里的生活节奏有更加真实的感知？

Student: The filmmakers could get a more realistic sense of the pace of life in that community?

教授：对的，而且这可以让电影制作团队摆脱他们的一些既定假设，有助于他们更好地阐释他们所看到的。

Professor: Correct, and it allows the filmmakers to shed some of their assumptions so that they better interpret what they see.

学生：我敢说，这也使得电影制作过程变得不那么神秘了。

Student: I bet it also takes the mystery out of the filmmaking process.

你看，所有人都有时间去熟悉电影制作团队和他们的设备。

You know, everyone has time to get used to the filmmakers and their equipment.

教授：很准确，这样信任就被建立了，首先建立了良好关系。

Professor: Exactly, trust is established and relationships are built first.

学生：哇，这看起来像是一个长长的过程。

Student: Wow, this seems like a long process.

即使是制作团队人很少，只做必须做的项目。

Even with a small film crew any project as involved as this is bound to.

学生：好吧，所以谁来决定哪些人入镜呢？

Student: OK, so who decides what goes into the film?

教授：这种事情是由社区共同决定的。

Professor: Well, such decisions are made by general consensus within the community.

所以，举个例子，是社区民众而不是电影制作者来决定谁会在电影中被采访。

So, for instance, the community, not the filmmakers, decide who is to be interviewed for the films.

采访的主导权在被采访者手里。

Control of the interview is in the interviewee's hands.

如果正在被采访的人在任何时候说要停下，我们录像就停下。

If the person being interviewed says to stop at any time, the recording stops.

他或她可以说出他们想在哪里被拍摄，何时被拍摄，想聊聊什么话题。

He or she states where they wish to be filmed and when and what topic they wish to speak about.

社区民众在电影拍摄过程中以及最后都可以看影片。

The community members review the footage both midway and at the end of the filming.

如果他们想剪掉哪个镜头，这个镜头就被剪掉了。

And if they want any scene deleted, it gets removed.

这就是我们对于被采访者的喜好所给予的尊重的程度，这种尊重也是给整个社区的。

That's the level of respect and regard for the interviewee's preferences and those of the community in general.

学生：所以用什么语言拍摄呢？

Student: So then what language is everything filmed in?

所以当地语言，而不是电影制作者的配音（翻译）过后的语言，才是这部电影的主要语言。

So the native language, rather than a dubbed voiceover in the filmmakers language, is the primary language of the film.

以这种方式，被采访村民的感情和表达方式才能真正被表达出来，即使我们并不懂他们的语言。

This way a speaker's emotions and manner of expression really come through, even if we don't know their language.

我们会在影片底部次要位置上加上字幕的。

Subtitles are placed in a secondary position at the bottom of the screen.

学生：而且字幕大约只能给出他们所说的内容的大意。

Student: And the subtitles probably give only the gist of what's actually being said.

教授：是的，一字一句的翻译是很难的，而且字幕会在屏幕上过得很快的。

Professor: Yeah, a word for word translation could become too complicated or it'd go by too fast on the screen.

What is one way ethnographers try to gain a community's interest in participating in a film?

What does the professor imply about the role of the village council members?

According to the lecture, why do ethnographers live within the community they are filming?

What does the professor imply about the interview process?

What do the speakers suggest are two shortcomings of community-determined films?

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