A.
The climate may not be warming as much as the increase of temperatures recorded in cities appears to suggest.
B.
Records show that the increase in urban heat islands has had a significant warming effect on the global climate.
C.
During most of the past century, temperature records have been misinterpreted.
D.
Scientists will not be able to account for climate change over the past century until they learn more about the urban heat island.
正确答案:A
译文
For more than a hundred years, it has been known that cities are generally warmer than surrounding rural areas. 众所周知,一百多年来,城市通常比周围的农村地区温暖。 取消收藏 收藏句子 This region of city warmth, known as the urban heat island, can influence the concentration of air pollution. 这个被称为城市热岛的城市暖区会影响空气污染的浓度。 取消收藏 收藏句子 However, before we look at its influence, let’s see how the heat island actually forms. 但是,在查看其影响之前,让我们先了解一下热岛的实际形成方式。 取消收藏 收藏句子 众所周知,一百多年来,城市通常比周围的农村地区温暖。这个被称为城市热岛的城市暖区会影响空气污染的浓度。但是,在查看其影响之前,让我们先了解一下热岛的实际形成方式。
The urban heat island is due to industrial and urban development. 城市热岛归因于工业和城市发展。 取消收藏 收藏句子 In rural areas, a large part of the incoming solar energy is used in evaporating water from vegetation and soil. 在农村地区,接收到到大部分太阳能都用于蒸发植被和土壤中的水分。 取消收藏 收藏句子 In cities, where less vegetation and exposed soil exist, the majority of the Sun’s energy is absorbed by urban structures and asphalt. 在植被和裸露土壤较少的城市中,大部分太阳能被城市建筑和沥青吸收。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Hence, during warm daylight hours, less evaporative cooling in cities allows surface temperatures to rise higher than in rural areas. 因此,在温暖的白天,城市里蒸发冷却过程更少,使得城市地表温度比农村地区上升得更高。 取消收藏 收藏句子 The cause of the urban heat island is quite involved. 城市热岛的原因非常复杂。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Depending on the location, time of year, and time of day, any or all of the following differences between cities and their surroundings can be important: albedo (reflectivity of the surface), surface roughness, emissions of heat, emissions of moisture, and emissions of particles that affect net radiation and the growth of cloud droplets. 根据位置、四季和每日的时间,以下任何或所有城市和周围环境之间的差异,都是重要的:反照率(表面的反射率),表面粗糙度,热量排放,水分排放、影响净辐射和云滴生成的粒子排放。 取消收藏 收藏句子 城市热岛归因于工业和城市发展。在农村地区,接收到到大部分太阳能都用于蒸发植被和土壤中的水分。在植被和裸露土壤较少的城市中,大部分太阳能被城市建筑和沥青吸收。因此,在温暖的白天,城市里蒸发冷却过程更少,使得城市地表温度比农村地区上升得更高。城市热岛的原因非常复杂。根据位置、四季和每日的时间,以下任何或所有城市和周围环境之间的差异,都是重要的:反照率(表面的反射率),表面粗糙度,热量排放,水分排放、影响净辐射和云滴生成的粒子排放。
At night, the solar energy (stored as vast quantities of heat in city buildings and roads) is slowly released into the city air. 到了晚上,太阳能(大量热量储存在城市建筑物和道路中)慢慢释放到城市空气中。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Additional city heat is given off at night (and during the day) by vehicles and factories, as well as by industrial and domestic heating and cooling units. 车辆和工厂以及工业和家庭供暖和制冷设备在夜晚(白天)会散发更多的城市热量。 取消收藏 收藏句子 The release of heat energy is retarded by the tall vertical city walls that do not allow infrared radiation to escape as readily as does the relatively level surface of the surrounding countryside. 高大垂直的城市幕墙阻碍了热能的释放,这些城市幕墙不会像周围相对平坦的乡村表面那样容易释放红外辐射(热量)。 取消收藏 收藏句子 The slow release of heat tends to keep nighttime city temperatures higher than those of the faster-cooling rural areas. 热量的缓慢释放往往会使夜间城市的温度高于较快冷却的农村地区。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Overall, the heat island is strongest (1) at night when compensating sunlight is absent; (2) during the winter, when nights are longer and there is more heat generated in the city; and (3) when the region is dominated by a high-pressure air pressure (atmospheric pressure) is the pressure exerted by the mass of air above a given place area with light winds, clear skies, and less humid air. 总体而言,热岛在以下情况中是最强的:(1)在没有补偿阳光的晚上;(2)在冬季,当夜晚更长,城市产生更多的热量;(3) 当该地区以高压空气为主时,气压(大气压力)是指给定地区上空的空气质量所施加的压力,该地区风力小,天空晴朗,空气不那么潮湿。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Over time, increasing urban heat islands affect climatological temperature records, producing artificial warming in climatic records taken in cities. 随着时间的推移,越来越多的城市热岛影响气候温度记录,在城市的气候记录中记录了人为的变暖。 取消收藏 收藏句子 This warming, therefore, must be accounted for in interpreting climate change over the past century. 因此,在解释过去一个世纪的气候变化时,这种人为带来的气温升高必须要考虑在内。 取消收藏 收藏句子 到了晚上,太阳能(大量热量储存在城市建筑物和道路中)慢慢释放到城市空气中。车辆和工厂以及工业和家庭供暖和制冷设备在夜晚(白天)会散发更多的城市热量。高大垂直的城市幕墙阻碍了热能的释放,这些城市幕墙不会像周围相对平坦的乡村表面那样容易释放红外辐射(热量)。热量的缓慢释放往往会使夜间城市的温度高于较快冷却的农村地区。总体而言,热岛在以下情况中是最强的:(1)在没有补偿阳光的晚上;(2)在冬季,当夜晚更长,城市产生更多的热量;(3) 当该地区以高压空气为主时,气压(大气压力)是指给定地区上空的空气质量所施加的压力,该地区风力小,天空晴朗,空气不那么潮湿。随着时间的推移,越来越多的城市热岛影响气候温度记录,在城市的气候记录中记录了人为的变暖。因此,在解释过去一个世纪的气候变化时,这种人为带来的气温升高必须要考虑在内。
The constant outpouring of pollutants into the environment may influence the climate of the city. 不断向环境中排放污染物可能会影响城市的气候。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Certain particles reflect solar radiation, thereby reducing the sunlight that reaches the surface. 特定颗粒物(污染物)反射太阳辐射,从而减少到达地表的太阳辐射。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Some particles serve as nuclei upon which water and ice form. 有些颗粒物(污染物)起到核的作用,在其上面形成水和冰。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Water vapor condenses onto these particles when the relative humidity is as low as 70 percent, forming haze that greatly reduces visibility. 当相对湿度低至70%时,水蒸气会凝结在这些粒子上,形成霾,大大降低了可见度。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Moreover, the added nuclei increase the frequency of city fog. 此外,越来越多的核(污染物)增加了城市出现雾的频率。 取消收藏 收藏句子 不断向环境中排放污染物可能会影响城市的气候。特定颗粒物(污染物)反射太阳辐射,从而减少到达地表的太阳辐射。有些颗粒物(污染物)起到核的作用,在其上面形成水和冰。当相对湿度低至70%时,水蒸气会凝结在这些粒子上,形成霾,大大降低了可见度。此外,越来越多的核(污染物)增加了城市出现雾的频率。
Studies suggest that precipitation may be greater in cities than in the surrounding countryside; this phenomenon may be due in part to the increased roughness of city terrain, brought on by large structures that cause surface air to slow and gradually converge. 研究表明,城市中的降水量可能比周围的乡村要多。这种现象的部分原因可能是由于大型建筑物导致地面空气流动减慢并逐渐汇聚,导致城市地形粗糙程度增加。 取消收藏 收藏句子 This piling up of air over the city then slowly rises, much like toothpaste does when its tube is squeezed. 然后,城市上空的空气堆积起来,然后慢慢上升,就像挤牙膏管时的牙膏一样。 取消收藏 收藏句子 At the same time, city heat warms the surface air, making it more unstable, which enhances rising air motions, which, in turn, aids in forming clouds and thunderstorms. 同时,城市热量使地表空气变暖,使其变得更加不稳定,从而加剧了上升的空气运动,上升的空气运动反过来又有助于形成云和雷暴。 取消收藏 收藏句子 This process helps explain why both tend to be more frequent over cities. 这个过程有助于解释为什么两者在城市中都更加频繁。 取消收藏 收藏句子 研究表明,城市中的降水量可能比周围的乡村要多。这种现象的部分原因可能是由于大型建筑物导致地面空气流动减慢并逐渐汇聚,导致城市地形粗糙程度增加。然后,城市上空的空气堆积起来,然后慢慢上升,就像挤牙膏管时的牙膏一样。同时,城市热量使地表空气变暖,使其变得更加不稳定,从而加剧了上升的空气运动,上升的空气运动反过来又有助于形成云和雷暴。这个过程有助于解释为什么两者在城市中都更加频繁。
On clear still nights when the heat island is pronounced, a small thermal low-pressure area forms over the city. 在晴朗的寂静夜晚,当热岛出现时,城市上空就会形成一个小的热低压区。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] Sometimes a light breeze—called a country breeze—blows from the countryside into the city. 有时,一阵微风(称为乡村风)从乡村吹向城市。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] If there are major industrial areas along the outskirts, pollutants are carried into the heart of town, where they tend to concentrate. 如果郊区有主要的工业区,污染物将被带入城镇中心,并在此集中。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] Such an event is especially probable if vertical mixing and dispersion of pollutants are inhibited. 如果污染物的垂直混合和扩散受到抑制,这种情况尤其有可能发生。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] Pollutants from urban areas may even affect the weather downwind from them. 来自城市地区的污染物甚至可能影响来自它们的顺风向天气。 取消收藏 收藏句子 在晴朗的寂静夜晚,当热岛出现时,城市上空就会形成一个小的热低压区。有时,一阵微风(称为乡村风)从乡村吹向城市。如果郊区有主要的工业区,污染物将被带入城镇中心,并在此集中。如果污染物的垂直混合和扩散受到抑制,这种情况尤其有可能发生。来自城市地区的污染物甚至可能影响来自它们的顺风向天气。