The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain

罗马军队对英国的影响 取消收藏 收藏句子

罗马军队对英国的影响

In the wake of the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. 公元一世纪罗马帝国占领不列颠后，大批的军队驻留在了这片新省，这些军队建立军营和堡垒，参与当地经济，从而对不列颠产生了相当大的影响。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. 人们意识到了全国士兵分布不均，于是开始估测军队对人口数量产生的影响。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. 那些迅速并入帝国的地区并未受到军队的长期影响。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. 军队对其长期驻扎的地区的影响要大得多。 取消收藏 收藏句子 The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers’ animals. 建立军事基地需要征用当地的土地，用以建造军营和供喂养、训练士兵的动物所需的领地。 取消收藏 收藏句子 The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. 颁布的军事条例也剥夺了当地领导人参与管理当地政府的权利，社会发展因此受阻，埋下了不满的种子。 取消收藏 收藏句子 This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government. 这就意味着，军队必须留在当地，镇压叛乱，并建立政府。 取消收藏 收藏句子 公元一世纪罗马帝国占领不列颠后，大批的军队驻留在了这片新省，这些军队建立军营和堡垒，参与当地经济，从而对不列颠产生了相当大的影响。人们意识到了全国士兵分布不均，于是开始估测军队对人口数量产生的影响。那些迅速并入帝国的地区并未受到军队的长期影响。军队对其长期驻扎的地区的影响要大得多。建立军事基地需要征用当地的土地，用以建造军营和供喂养、训练士兵的动物所需的领地。颁布的军事条例也剥夺了当地领导人参与管理当地政府的权利，社会发展因此受阻，埋下了不满的种子。这就意味着，军队必须留在当地，镇压叛乱，并建立政府。

Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. 罗马军队有着非常强大的消费能力，因此经济交换显然非常重要。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. 在当地，军营会产生两种影响。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Its large population needed food and other supplies. 军营里人口众多，需要食物和其他补给品。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. 其中有些确实是从很远的地方运过来的，但是当地地区必然也得承担一些需求。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy. 虽然商品可能会被征用，但通常都是付钱了的，这可能会促使当地经济发生变化。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. 没有战争的时候，要保证士兵有事可做。否则他们就相当于一个潜在的危险源，可能引发摩擦或叛乱。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. 因此，一块标有日期为4月25日的字碑上记载了某个军营里的343人曾从事制鞋、建造澡堂、烧窑、挖陶土以及造铅等工作。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas. 这些活动对当地地区产生了很大的影响，尤其是公路等基础设施的建设使得人们去遥远的地方更加方便了。 取消收藏 收藏句子 罗马军队有着非常强大的消费能力，因此经济交换显然非常重要。在当地，军营会产生两种影响。军营里人口众多，需要食物和其他补给品。其中有些确实是从很远的地方运过来的，但是当地地区必然也得承担一些需求。虽然商品可能会被征用，但通常都是付钱了的，这可能会促使当地经济发生变化。没有战争的时候，要保证士兵有事可做。否则他们就相当于一个潜在的危险源，可能引发摩擦或叛乱。因此，一块标有日期为4月25日的字碑上记载了某个军营里的343人曾从事制鞋、建造澡堂、烧窑、挖陶土以及造铅等工作。这些活动对当地地区产生了很大的影响，尤其是公路等基础设施的建设使得人们去遥远的地方更加方便了。

Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. 每位士兵都有工资，但是在经济不发达的地区，一开始他们的工资花不了多少。 取消收藏 收藏句子 The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates. 多余的钱很快便刺激到了城门外的经济，使其迅速增长。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Some of the demand for the services and goods was no doubt fulfilled by people drawn from far afield, but some local people certainly became entwined in this new economy. 一部分服务和商品的需求无疑是由外地人所满足的，不过一部分当地人也必然会加入到这种新的经济中来。 取消收藏 收藏句子 There was informal marriage with soldiers, who until A.D. 197 were not legally entitled to wed, and whole new communities grew up near the forts. 有些人和士兵组建了非正式的婚姻关系，士兵直到公元197年才在法律上被允许结婚，军营附近发展出了新的社群。 取消收藏 收藏句子 These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations. 这些定居点就像小镇一样，变成了工匠和商人的聚集中心。 取消收藏 收藏句子 每位士兵都有工资，但是在经济不发达的地区，一开始他们的工资花不了多少。多余的钱很快便刺激到了城门外的经济，使其迅速增长。一部分服务和商品的需求无疑是由外地人所满足的，不过一部分当地人也必然会加入到这种新的经济中来。有些人和士兵组建了非正式的婚姻关系，士兵直到公元197年才在法律上被允许结婚，军营附近发展出了新的社群。这些定居点就像小镇一样，变成了工匠和商人的聚集中心。

The army also provided a means of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment. 军队也为从当地招募来的后备兵提供了个人晋升的机会，从后备团工作退役后，可以获得世袭罗马公民身份。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Such units recruited on an ad hoc (as needed) basis from the area in which they were stationed, and there was evidently large-scale recruitment within Britain. 后备团以临时安排的方式（根据需要）从驻扎地招募人员，而且明显在英国范围内进行了大面积的招募。 取消收藏 收藏句子 The total numbers were at least 12,500 men up to the reign of the emperor Hadrian (A.D. 117--138), with a peak around A.D. 80. 哈德良皇帝（公元117-138）统治时期人数至少招募了12500人，公元80年左右人数到达峰值。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Although a small proportion of the total population, this perhaps had a massive local impact when a large proportion of the young men were removed from an area. 尽管这只占总人口的一小部分，但是当大量年轻人从某个地区调配过来的时候，这也许会在当地产生巨大的影响。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Newly raised regiments were normally transferred to another province from whence it was unlikely that individual recruits would ever return. 新建的军团一般会调配到另一个省，入伍后再返回原省工作是不太可能的。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Most units raised in Britain went elsewhere on the European continent, although one is recorded in Morocco. 大多数在英国组建的军团都被调配到了欧洲大陆的其他地方，不过据记载，有一个军团去了摩洛哥。 取消收藏 收藏句子 The reverse process brought young men to Britain, where many continued to live after their 20 to 25 years of service, and this added to the cosmopolitan Roman character of the frontier population. 反过来，罗马年轻人也被调配到了英国，他们在英国服了20到25年的兵役后，继续留在英国生活，这使得边境人口更加具有罗马化的特点。 取消收藏 收藏句子 By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength. 罗马晚期阶段，边境警卫部队（兵团）很少被调配到其他地方，兵团的兵役职位实际上已经世袭化，军营也没有再住得那么满了，也不需要全力驻守了。 取消收藏 收藏句子 军队也为从当地招募来的后备兵提供了个人晋升的机会，从后备团工作退役后，可以获得世袭罗马公民身份。后备团以临时安排的方式（根据需要）从驻扎地招募人员，而且明显在英国范围内进行了大面积的招募。哈德良皇帝（公元117-138）统治时期人数至少招募了12500人，公元80年左右人数到达峰值。尽管这只占总人口的一小部分，但是当大量年轻人从某个地区调配过来的时候，这也许会在当地产生巨大的影响。新建的军团一般会调配到另一个省，入伍后再返回原省工作是不太可能的。大多数在英国组建的军团都被调配到了欧洲大陆的其他地方，不过据记载，有一个军团去了摩洛哥。反过来，罗马年轻人也被调配到了英国，他们在英国服了20到25年的兵役后，继续留在英国生活，这使得边境人口更加具有罗马化的特点。罗马晚期阶段，边境警卫部队（兵团）很少被调配到其他地方，兵团的兵役职位实际上已经世袭化，军营也没有再住得那么满了，也不需要全力驻守了。

This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. 几代人的群体定居下来的这一过程，再加上当地的士兵招募，大概就是罗马晚期英国北部边界显得比较稳定的原因了。 取消收藏 收藏句子 It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth century A.D. 这也解释了公元五世纪初的时候，为什么有些军营在罗马虽然不再对英国有任何正式管辖权，但很久以后仍然占领着英国的原因。 取消收藏 收藏句子 The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British. 让本地人罗马化的环境事实上也使得边境地区自给自足的军团英国化了。 取消收藏 收藏句子 几代人的群体定居下来的这一过程，再加上当地的士兵招募，大概就是罗马晚期英国北部边界显得比较稳定的原因了。这也解释了公元五世纪初的时候，为什么有些军营在罗马虽然不再对英国有任何正式管辖权，但很久以后仍然占领着英国的原因。让本地人罗马化的环境事实上也使得边境地区自给自足的军团英国化了。

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