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Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia

欧洲早期与亚洲的海上贸易 取消收藏 收藏句子
欧洲早期与亚洲的海上贸易

In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europe’s overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century. 在14世纪,一些政治上的发展切断了欧洲通往南亚和东亚的陆路贸易路线,自12世纪以来,欧洲一直与南亚和东亚有着重要和高收益的商业联系。 取消收藏 收藏句子 This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade. 这一事态发展,就像欧洲经济触底时一样,推动了一种长期以来的愿望,即通过建立海上贸易来确保与东方的直接关系。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice, Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible. 像著名的威尼斯旅行家马可·波罗(Marco Polo),这样的人物对中国人与欧洲人进行贸易往来的意愿以及通过这种接触而获得的巨大财富的描述,虽然有些不可信,但却被广泛报道,使这种想法变得不可抗拒。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Possibilities for trade seemed promising, but no hope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land. 贸易的可能性似乎很有希望,但维持传统的陆路路线是没有希望的。 取消收藏 收藏句子 A new way had to be found. 必须找到新的方法。 取消收藏 收藏句子 在14世纪,一些政治上的发展切断了欧洲通往南亚和东亚的陆路贸易路线,自12世纪以来,欧洲一直与南亚和东亚有着重要和高收益的商业联系。这一事态发展,就像欧洲经济触底时一样,推动了一种长期以来的愿望,即通过建立海上贸易来确保与东方的直接关系。像著名的威尼斯旅行家马可·波罗(Marco Polo),这样的人物对中国人与欧洲人进行贸易往来的意愿以及通过这种接触而获得的巨大财富的描述,虽然有些不可信,但却被广泛报道,使这种想法变得不可抗拒。贸易的可能性似乎很有希望,但维持传统的陆路路线是没有希望的。必须找到新的方法。

The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? 主要的问题是技术上的:欧洲人如何到达东方? 取消收藏 收藏句子 Europe’s maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seas—the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and, to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continent—not of vast oceans. 欧洲的航海传统是在易于航行的海洋环境中发展起来的——地中海、波罗的海,以及没有那么容易航行的英国和欧洲大陆之间的北海——而不是广阔的海洋。 取消收藏 收藏句子 New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding one’s way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. 我们需要新型船舶,需要新的寻路方法,需要为如此庞大的计划筹措资金的新技术。 取消收藏 收藏句子 The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create. 在海上进行商业扩张所需要的投资规模之大,反映了这种东西方贸易所能创造的巨大利润。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] Spices were the most sought-after commodities. 香料是最受欢迎的商品。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. 香料不仅极大地改善了欧洲饮食的口味,而且还被用于制造香水和某些药物。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China. 但是,即使是像香料这样的高价商品,也必须大量运输,才能让环绕非洲大陆航行到印度和中国的费用和困难是合理的。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] 主要的问题是技术上的:欧洲人如何到达东方?欧洲的航海传统是在易于航行的海洋环境中发展起来的——地中海、波罗的海,以及没有那么容易航行的英国和欧洲大陆之间的北海——而不是广阔的海洋。我们需要新型船舶,需要新的寻路方法,需要为如此庞大的计划筹措资金的新技术。在海上进行商业扩张所需要的投资规模之大,反映了这种东西方贸易所能创造的巨大利润。香料是最受欢迎的商品。香料不仅极大地改善了欧洲饮食的口味,而且还被用于制造香水和某些药物。但是,即使是像香料这样的高价商品,也必须大量运输,才能让环绕非洲大陆航行到印度和中国的费用和困难是合理的。

The principal seagoing ship used throughout the Middle Ages was the galley, a long, low ship fitted with sails but driven primarily by oars. 中世纪主要使用的海船是大桡船,一种长而低的船,装有帆,但主要由桨驱动。 取消收藏 收藏句子 The largest galleys had as many as 50 oarsmen. 最大的一艘船上有多达50名桨手。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Since they had relatively shallow hulls, they were unstable when driven by sail or when on rough water; hence they were unsuitable for the voyage to the East. 因为它们的船身相对较浅,所以在帆的驱动下或在波涛汹涌的水面上航行时,它们是不稳定的;因此,它们不适合去东方航行。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Even if they hugged the African coastline, they had little chance of surviving a crossing of the Indian Ocean. 即使它们沿着非洲海岸线航行,也几乎没有机会穿越印度洋。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Shortly after 1400, shipbuilders began developing a new type of vessel properly designed to operate in rough, open water: the caravel. 15世纪后不久,造船工人开始开发一种新型的船,这种船设计合理,可以在波涛汹涌的、开阔的水面上航行:卡拉维尔帆船(caravel)。 取消收藏 收藏句子 It had a wider and deeper hull than the galley and hence could carry more cargo; increased stability made it possible to add multiple masts and sails. 它的船身比大桡船更宽更深,因此能装更多的货物;增加的稳定性使它有可能添加多个桅杆和帆。 取消收藏 收藏句子 In the largest caravels, two main masts held large square sails that provided the bulk of the thrust driving the ship forward, while a smaller forward mast held a triangular-shaped sail, called a lateen sail, which could be moved into a variety of positions to maneuver the ship. 在最大的帆船里,两根主桅上都挂着巨大的方帆,这些方帆提供了推动船只前进的大量推力,而一根较小的前桅上挂着三角形的帆,叫做拉丁帆,可以移动到不同的方位来操纵船只。 取消收藏 收藏句子 中世纪主要使用的海船是大桡船,一种长而低的船,装有帆,但主要由桨驱动。最大的一艘船上有多达50名桨手。因为它们的船身相对较浅,所以在帆的驱动下或在波涛汹涌的水面上航行时,它们是不稳定的;因此,它们不适合去东方航行。即使它们沿着非洲海岸线航行,也几乎没有机会穿越印度洋。15世纪后不久,造船工人开始开发一种新型的船,这种船设计合理,可以在波涛汹涌的、开阔的水面上航行:卡拉维尔帆船(caravel)。它的船身比大桡船更宽更深,因此能装更多的货物;增加的稳定性使它有可能添加多个桅杆和帆。在最大的帆船里,两根主桅上都挂着巨大的方帆,这些方帆提供了推动船只前进的大量推力,而一根较小的前桅上挂着三角形的帆,叫做拉丁帆,可以移动到不同的方位来操纵船只。

The astrolabe had long been the primary instrument for navigation, having been introduced in the eleventh century. 星盘一直是主要的导航仪器,在11世纪被引进。 取消收藏 收藏句子 It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars; by calculating the angles created by these points, it determined the degree of latitude at which one stood. 它是通过测量太阳和恒星的高度来运作的;通过计算这些点所形成的角度,它就确定了一个人所处的纬度。 取消收藏 收藏句子 (The problem of determining longitude, though, was not solved until the eighteenth century.) By the early thirteenth century, Western Europeans had also developed and put into use the magnetic compass, which helped when clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars. Also beginning in the thirteenth century, there were new maps refined by precise calculations and the reports of sailors that made it possible to trace one’s path with reasonable accuracy. 同样从13世纪开始,出现了新的地图,这些地图通过精确的计算和水手们的报告得以改进,使人们能够合理准确地追踪自己的路线。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Certain institutional and practical norms had become established as well. 一些体制和实际准则也被确立了。 取消收藏 收藏句子 A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea, which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ship’s officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes. 14世纪起源于西地中海地区的《海上领事馆海商法》被大多数海上旅行者接受为规范的海上行为守则;它规定了诸如船长的权威、指挥规程、薪酬结构、水手的权利以及船舶在海上航线上相遇时的交战规则等事项。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Thus by about 1400 the key elements were in place to enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure. 因此,到15世纪左右,关键因素已经到位,使欧洲能够开始它的海上冒险。 取消收藏 收藏句子 星盘一直是主要的导航仪器,在11世纪被引进。它是通过测量太阳和恒星的高度来运作的;通过计算这些点所形成的角度,它就确定了一个人所处的纬度。同样从13世纪开始,出现了新的地图,这些地图通过精确的计算和水手们的报告得以改进,使人们能够合理准确地追踪自己的路线。一些体制和实际准则也被确立了。14世纪起源于西地中海地区的《海上领事馆海商法》被大多数海上旅行者接受为规范的海上行为守则;它规定了诸如船长的权威、指挥规程、薪酬结构、水手的权利以及船舶在海上航线上相遇时的交战规则等事项。因此,到15世纪左右,关键因素已经到位,使欧洲能够开始它的海上冒险。

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